分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 分类: 计算机科学 >> 计算机应用技术 提交时间: 2024-03-10
摘要: The HADAR experiment, which will be constructed in Tibet, China, combines the wide-angle advantages of traditional EAS array detectors with the high sensitivity advantages of focused Cherenkov detectors. Its physics objective is to observe transient sources such as gamma-ray bursts and counterparts of gravitational waves. The aim of this study is to utilize the latest AI technology to enhance the sensitivity of the HADAR experiment. We have built training datasets and models with distinctive creativity by incorporating relevant physical theories for various applications. They are able to determine the kind, energy, and direction of incident particles after careful design. We have obtained a background identification accuracy of 98.6 %, a relative energy reconstruction error of 10.0 %, and an angular resolution of 0.22-degrees in a test dataset at 10 TeV. These findings demonstrate the enormous potential for enhancing the precision and dependability of detector data analysis in astrophysical research. Thanks to deep learning techniques, the HADAR experiment’s observational sensitivity to the Crab Nebula has surpassed that of MAGIC and H.E.S.S. at energies below 0.5 TeV and remains competitive with conventional narrow-field Cherenkov telescopes at higher energies. Additionally, our experiment offers a fresh approach to dealing with strongly connected scattered data.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:The characteristics of asteroids are vital parameters for planning asteroid exploration missions. These characteristics have been explored in close range for some typical asteroids, and are summarized in the article. This allows estimates of the characteristics of asteroid 2016HO3, the target of the first Chinese asteroid exploration mission, Tianwen 2. We obtain 80 characteristic parameters in 9 categories and analyze their impacts on the mission. By comparing three close-range exploration modes, we provide advantages and disadvantages of each, and propose suitable methods for the exploration of 2016HO3. Owing to the weak gravity and small size of 2016HO3, a combination of multiple hovering positions and active orbiting is recommended for scientific exploration.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:Before charge-coupled device detectors became widely employed in observational astronomy, for more than a hundred years, the main detection method was photography on astronomical glass plates. Recently, in order to preserve these historical data and maintain their usability, the International Astronomical Union has appealed to all countries for global digitization of astronomical plates by developing or adopting advanced digitization technology. Specialized digitizers with high precision and high measuring speed represent key equipment for this task. The Shanghai Astronomical Observatory and the Nishimura Co., Ltd in Japan cooperated between 2013 and 2016 to develop the first Chinese high-precision astronomical plate digitizer, which was then used for complete digitization of all nighttime-observation astronomical plates in China. Then, in 2019–2021, the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory independently developed new models of plate digitizers that enabled countries such as Uzbekistan and Italy to digitize their astronomical plates. Additionally, a new high-precision and multifunction digitizer was also used to digitize valuable microscope slides from the Shanghai Natural History Museum, providing a successful example of crossdomain application of high-precision digitization technology.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:The Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments (SCOPE) mission, which has been proposed by the Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, aiming to operate at a distance of 5 to 10 solar radii from the Sun, plans to complete the in situ detection of the solar eruption process and observation of the magnetic field structure response. The solar flux received by the satellite ranges from 103 to 106 Wm−2, which poses challenges for thermal management of the solar arrays. In this work, the solar array cooling system of the Parker Solar Probe is discussed, the developments of the fluid loop technique are reviewed, and a research plan for a next-generation solar array cooling system is proposed. This paper provides a valuable reference for novel thermal control systems in spacecraft for solar observation.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:In this paper, the mission and the thermal environment of the Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments (SCOPE) spacecraft are analyzed, and an advanced thermal management system (ATMS) is designed for it. The relationship and functions of the integrated database, the intelligent thermal control system and the efficient liquid cooling system in the ATMS are elaborated upon. For the complex thermal field regulation system and extreme space thermal environment, a modular simulation and thermal field planning method are proposed, and the feasibility of the planning algorithm is verified by numerical simulation. A solar array liquid cooling system is developed, and the system simulation results indicate that the temperatures of the solar arrays meet the requirements as the spacecraft flies by perihelion and aphelion. The advanced thermal management study supports the development of the SCOPE program and provides a reference for the thermal management in other deep-space exploration programs.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope (JUST) is a 4.4-meter f/6.0 segmented-mirror telescope dedicated to spectroscopic observations. The JUST primary mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments, each with a diameter of 1.1 m. JUST provides two Nasmyth platforms for placing science instruments. One Nasmyth focus fits a field of view of 10 ′ and the other has an extended field of view of 1.2° with correction optics. A tertiary mirror is used to switch between the two Nasmyth foci. JUST will be installed at a site at Lenghu in Qinghai Province, China, and will conduct spectroscopic observations with three types of instruments to explore the dark universe, trace the dynamic universe, and search for exoplanets: (1) a multi-fiber (2000 fibers) medium-resolution spectrometer (R=4 000−5 000) to spectroscopically map galaxies and large-scale structure; (2) an integral field unit (IFU) array of 500 optical fibers and/or a long-slit spectrograph dedicated to fast follow-ups of transient sources for multi-messenger astronomy; (3) a high-resolution spectrometer (R~100 000) designed to identify Jupiter analogs and Earth-like planets, with the capability to characterize the atmospheres of hot exoplanets.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary research field with widespread applications. It aims at developing theoretical, methodological, technological, and applied systems that simulate, enhance, and assist human intelligence. Recently, notable accomplishments of artificial intelligence technology have been achieved in astronomical data processing, establishing this technology as central to numerous astronomical research areas such as radio astronomy, stellar and galactic (Milky Way) studies, exoplanets surveys, cosmology, and solar physics. This article systematically reviews representative applications of artificial intelligence technology to astronomical data processing, with comprehensive description of specific cases: pulsar candidate identification, fast radio burst detection, gravitational wave detection, spectral classification, and radio frequency interference mitigation. Furthermore, it discusses possible future applications to provide perspectives for astronomical research in the artificial intelligence era.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-02-07 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary research field with widespread applications. It aims at developing theoretical, methodological, technological, and applied systems that simulate, enhance, and assist human intelligence. Recently, notable accomplishments of artificial intelligence technology have been achieved in astronomical data processing, establishing this technology as central to numerous astronomical research areas such as radio astronomy, stellar and galactic (Milky Way) studies, exoplanets surveys, cosmology, and solar physics. This article systematically reviews representative applications of artificial intelligence technology to astronomical data processing, with comprehensive description of specific cases: pulsar candidate identification, fast radio burst detection, gravitational wave detection, spectral classification, and radio frequency interference mitigation. Furthermore, it discusses possible future applications to provide perspectives for astronomical research in the artificial intelligence era.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-01-22 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:The conventional zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) model (known as the Saastamoinen model) does not consider seasonal variations affecting the delay, giving it low accuracy and stability. This may be improved with adjustments to account for annual and semi-annual variations. This method uses ZTD data provided by the Global Geodetic Observing System to analyze seasonal variations in the bias of the Saastamoinen model in Asia, and then constructs a model with seasonal variation corrections, denoted as SSA. To overcome the dependence of the model on in-situ meteorological parameters, the SSA+GPT3 model is formed by combining the SSA and GPT3 (global pressure-temperature) models. The results show that the introduction of annual and semi-annual variations can substantially improve the Saastamoinen model, yielding small and time-stable variations in bias and root mean square (RMS). In summer and autumn, the bias and RMS are noticeably smaller than those from the Saastamoinen model. In addition, the SSA model performs better in low-latitude and low-altitude areas, and bias and RMS decease with the increase of latitude or altitude. The prediction accuracy of the SSA model is also evaluated for external consistency. The results show that the accuracy of the SSA model (bias: −0.38 cm, RMS: 4.43 cm) is better than that of the Saastamoinen model (bias: 1.45 cm, RMS: 5.16 cm). The proposed method has strong applicability and can therefore be used for predictive ZTD correction across Asia.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2024-01-22 合作期刊: 《天文技术与仪器(英文)》
摘要:An extreme ultraviolet solar corona multispectral imager can allow direct observation of high temperature coronal plasma, which is related to solar flares, coronal mass ejections and other significant coronal activities. This manuscript proposes a novel end-to-end computational design method for an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar corona multispectral imager operating at wavelengths near 100 nm, including a stray light suppression design and computational image recovery. To suppress the strong stray light from the solar disk, an outer opto-mechanical structure is designed to protect the imaging component of the system. Considering the low reflectivity (less than 70%) and strong-scattering (roughness) of existing extreme ultraviolet optical elements, the imaging component comprises only a primary mirror and a curved grating. A Lyot aperture is used to further suppress any residual stray light. Finally, a deep learning computational imaging method is used to correct the individual multi-wavelength images from the original recorded multi-slit data. In results and data, this can achieve a far-field angular resolution below 7", and spectral resolution below 0.05 nm. The field of view is ±3 R☉ along the multi-slit moving direction, where R☉ represents the radius of the solar disk. The ratio of the corona's stray light intensity to the solar center's irradiation intensity is less than 10−6 at the circle of 1.3 R☉.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 分类: 材料科学 >> 材料科学(综合) 提交时间: 2023-12-15
摘要: The GECAM series of satellites utilizes LaBr3(Ce), LaBr3(Ce,Sr), and NaI(Tl) crystals as sensitive materials for gamma-ray detectors (GRDs). To investigate the non-linearity in the detection of low-energy gamma rays and address the errors in the calibration of the E-C relationship, comprehensive tests and comparative studies of the three aforementioned crystals were conducted using Compton electrons, radioactive sources, and monoenergetic X-rays. The non-linearity test results of the Compton electrons and X-rays demonstrated substantial differences, with all three crystals presenting a higher non-linearity for X/-rays than for Compton electrons. Despite the LaBr3(Ce) and LaBr3(Ce,Sr) crystals having higher absolute light yields, they exhibited a noticeable non-linear decrease in the light yield, especially at energies below 400 keV. The NaI(Tl) crystal demonstrated an excess light output in the 6200 keV range, reaching a maximum excess of 9.2% at 30 keV in the X-ray testing and up to 15.5% at 14 keV during Compton electron testing, indicating a significant advantage in the detection of low-energy gamma rays. Furthermore, we explored the underlying causes of the observed non-linearity in these crystals. This study not only elucidates the detector responses of GECAM, but also initiates a comprehensive investigation of the non-linearity of domestically produced lanthanum bromide and sodium iodide crystals.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2023-08-29
摘要: In the future, the Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope (VLAST) is expected to observe high-energy electrons and gamma rays in the MeV to TeV range with unprecedented acceptance. As part of the detector suite, a high-energy imaging calorimeter (HEIC) is currently being developed as a homogeneous calorimeter that utilizes long bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillation crystals as both absorbers and detectors. To accurately measure the energy deposition in the BGO bar of HEIC, a high-dynamic-range readout method using a silicon photoMultiplier (SiPM) and multiphotodiode (PD) with different active areas has been proposed. A prototype readout system that adopts multichannel charge measurement ASICs was also developed to read out the combined system of SiPMs and PDs. Preliminary tests confirmed the feasibility of the readout scheme, which is expected to have a dynamic range close to 106.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 分类: 光学 >> 仪器仪表、测量和计量 分类: 光学 >> 相干和统计光学 提交时间: 2023-06-28
摘要: Co-phase and co-focus detection is one of the key technologies for large-aperture segmented mirror telescopes. In this paper, a new edge sensor based on fringes of equal thickness is developed, which can detect each segment's relative piston, tilt, and tip errors from the interferograms. Based on the co-focus demand for many ground-based seeing limited segmented mirror telescopes, an edge sensor prototype based on such a principle is built and applied in the indoor segmented mirror experiment system in the lab. According to the co-focus requirement of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope, many simulations and experiments are carried out for co-focus error detection of the segmented mirror system. Experiment results show that the co-focus accuracy is better than 0.02 rms, which can meet the co-focus requirements of most large or extremely large segmented mirror astronomical telescopes.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2022-06-28
摘要: 快速射电暴是目前国际天文学新兴前沿热点,随着海量观测数据带来的处理和分析的挑战,亟需开展快速射电暴信号智能搜寻和甄别的研究。为了加速快速射电暴搜寻研究,我们开发了一套基于机器学习的快速射电暴数据集,它可以训练机器学习算法以搜寻原始数据中的快速射电暴。目前数据集有8020个快速射电暴仿真图像、4010个非快速射电暴和4010个射频干扰仿真图像,这些图像是根据开放的快速射电暴观测结果构建的,并可根据需要扩展数量。本研究旨在为最先进的人工智能算法提供开源数据集,以测试和比较快速射电暴识别算法。该数据集为卷积神经网络和经典机器学习算法提供图像和numpy格式的文件。数据集可以实现快速射电暴和非快速射电暴分类,或快速射电暴、射频干扰和背景噪声分类。在本例中,我们使用预先训练过的31种经典卷积神经网络(CNN)。在快速射电暴/非快速射电暴分类中,在第一个历元训练中达到90-92%的准确率,在真实数据测试中达到99.8%的最大准确率。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2022-03-15
摘要: 高能伽马射线探测是研究极端天体物理的主要途径之一.空间高能伽马射线探测具有覆盖波段宽、时间连续性好、能量分辨率高等突出优势.在成功研发并运行我国首颗天文卫星悟空号的基础上,紫金山天文台联合国内的多家单位提议研制甚大面积伽马射线空间望远镜(Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope;VLAST),该望远镜在GeV-TeV能段接受度高达10 m2sr,并具有强的MeV-GeV波段探测能力,其综合性能预期比费米卫星的大面积伽马望远镜(Fermi Large Area Telescope;Fermi-LAT)提升10倍之上.本文重点介绍VLAST的主要科学目标,探测器的初步配置及预期性能指标.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2018-06-22 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要: 使用全天相机拍摄云图是现在天文学界广泛使用的监测天空云量的方法,之后对云量的估算结果将对望远镜观测有重要的影响。目前对云量的估算仍然是完全由人工处理,费时费力而且准确度不够高,判别过程也完全依赖个人的经验。为此,本文提出一种针对全天相机云图的云量自动计算方法。该方法首先针对多云和少云云图分别使用时间分割法和差分法去除云图中月亮影响区域,然后对去除月亮影响区域后的多云云图进行二值化处理将云与背景进行分割,并使用基于灰度值的聚类算法对少云云图的云的厚薄进行量化分类,最后计算总云量并依据30米口径望远镜(Thirty Meters Telescope,TMT)判读全天相机云图的方法对云图进行自动分类。实验结果表明,该方法可大大提高云图判读效率,在有效解放人工的同时,也达到了平均值为76.67%较高的识别准确率。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2018-06-22 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要: 轮轨式天线的轨道作为承载整个天线重量的基础,其精度好坏将直接影响天线在方位方向运转的平稳性,进而引起天线轴系偏差从而影响天线指向精度。本文介绍改造后的乌鲁木齐南山26m天线(NSRT: Nanshan Radio Telescope)轨道结构以及轨道高差测量,并建立天线在不同方位、俯仰角下轨道高差引起天线指向偏差的数学模型。利用“十字扫描”法实测多颗标准源在相应位置的指向数据,并通过高斯拟合得到指向偏差。通过分析可知轨道高差引起的指向偏差经过修正可以提高天线指向精度。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2018-06-22 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要: 天文软件开发与应用中迫切需要在单机环境下进行高性能的科学数据处理工作,由于机器配置不同,采用传统的CUDA+GPU技术存在明显的局限,不利于天文软件的快速移植和无缝运行。针对明安图频谱射电日像仪(MingantU SpEctral Radioheliograph,MUSER)数据处理中的网格化(Gridding)算法,采用并行计算OpenCL技术进行多线程编程实现。实验结果表明,基于OpenCL实现的gridding算法不仅能够在多种GPU上运行,而且能够在纯CPU上运行。当选择在GPU上执行时,算法的执行效率与基于CUDA实现的gridding算法执行效率大致相当,但算法不局限于NVIDIA GPU,解决了算法对CUDA+GPU的依赖;同时算法也能在纯CPU上较快速地执行,适用于单机模式下进行天文软件的开发和测试,也便于天文软件的应用与推广。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2018-06-22 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要: SAGE是自主设计的能够准确计算恒星大气参数以及消光的新测光系统。对北天除银盘外共计约12,000平方度的天区开展了SAGE系统测光巡天,计划获取约5亿颗恒星的高精度测光数据。单次曝光条件下100σ完备星等uSC ~ 17.3,vSAGE~16.8(AB星等)。这为研究银河系提供宝贵的测光资料。介绍了巡天专用的数据处理程序的研究和开发,主要研究了针对单幅图像的快速自动化处理过程,重点介绍数据改正、天体测量校正、测光和流量定标过程,以及数据结果和数据质量检测等。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文仪器与技术 提交时间: 2018-06-22 合作期刊: 《天文研究与技术》
摘要: 1m新真空太阳望远镜的成像系统包括Hα、Ca II、He I 3个窄带成像通道,三者均使用里奥滤光器系统进行单色像观测。以Hα通道实测图像为例,探讨了在线心-线翼的偏带观测出现的太阳像亮度空间分布不均匀问题的原因。该不均匀性不同于杂散光,其空间分布形式与变化程度随观测波长点的不同而不同。通过对多组实测数据的分析认为,出现该亮度不均现象的根本原因是滤光器的视场效应,视场边缘区域的工作波长相对中心区域发生频率漂移。频漂的程度和空间分布特征与光路装调密切相关,通过分析对比2017年3月光路调整前后频漂情况得出结论:在目前Hα成像通道的2.2’的视场范围内,视场频漂量最大为0.05Å,小于透过带带宽,且仅出现在视场左下角边缘。