分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 为探究吉县近30 a植被动态演变规律及其影响因素,本研究基于Landsat影像,结合气象、土地利用、夜间灯光等数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析、随机森林、残差分析等方法探究吉县植被覆盖度时空变化特征及气候和人为因素对植被变化的影响。结果显示:(1)1990—2020年研究区植被覆盖度(FVC)整体呈显著上升趋势,FVC年均增长速率约为0.49%,植被质量明显改善。(2)吉县FVC具有明显的“低值-高值”交错分布的空间特征。1990—2020年FVC显著增加区占51%,FVC显著减少区占7%。(3)气候因素对部分FVC高值区和建筑区植被生长起抑制作用,对其余地区植被覆盖起促进作用。将人类活动作为全域影响因素考虑时气候和人类活动对植被动态的贡献率分别为53.43%、46.57%,将其作为局域变量时相对贡献率减少至13.07%。人类活动在特定地区如吉县中部和东部是植被退化的重要影响因素,西侧和南部的植被恢复也与之相关。研究结果可为区域生态修复工作进一步开展提供科学依据。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-15 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》
摘要: 蒸散发过程影响因素众多,潜在蒸散发(ET0)与气象变量交互作用复杂,亟需揭示ET0变化对气象变量的响应机理。基于河西走廊及周边21个气象站点气象资料,采用定性定量分析方法,以河西走廊整体及3分区2个空间尺度,揭示ET0时空变化规律,明确ET0对各气象因素变化敏感性及贡献。结果表明:(1) 河西走廊及分区ET0均呈显著波动上升趋势(Z>1.98),线性变化率2.94 mm·a-1,且黑河分区变化最明显。(2) ET0由东南向西北递增变化,中东部石羊河分区(1003.78 mm)、黑河分区(1031.30 mm)较小,西部疏勒河分区(1171.89 mm)较大。(3) 河西走廊ET0对气象因素变化敏感性排序为相对湿度(RH)、日最高气温(Tmax)、日照时数(n)、平均风速(u)、日降水量(P),ET0对RH减少最敏感,对P变化最不敏感。(4) u增大是造成河西走廊ET0增大的主要原因,其次是RH减少、Tmax升高、n增加。(5) 疏勒河分区、黑河分区、石羊河分区ET0呈增加变化,贡献最大因素分别为Tmax(5.13%)、u(8.22%)、Tmax(5.97%),贡献最小因素为n。气候因素中的风速和气温变化是河西走廊地区ET0变化不容忽视的重要影响因素,研究成果对合理规划农田灌溉用水和提高农业水资源利用效率意义重大。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present a novel simulation-based hybrid emulator approach that maximally derives cosmological and Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) information from non-linear galaxy clustering, with sufficient precision for DESI Year 1 (Y1) analysis. Our hybrid approach first samples the HOD space on a fixed cosmological simulation grid to constrain the high-likelihood region of cosmology+HOD parameter space, and then constructs the emulator within this constrained region. This approach significantly reduces the parameter volume emulated over, thus achieving much smaller emulator errors with fixed number of training points. We demonstrate that this combined with state-of-the-art simulations result in tight emulator errors comparable to expected DESI Y1 LRG sample variance. We leverage the new AbacusSummit simulations and apply our hybrid approach to CMASS non-linear galaxy clustering data. We infer constraints on $\sigma_8 = 0.762\pm0.024$ and $f\sigma_8 (z_{eff} = 0.52) = 0.444\pm0.016$, the tightest among contemporary galaxy clustering studies. We also demonstrate that our $f\sigma_8$ constraint is robust against secondary biases and other HOD model choices, a critical first step towards showcasing the robust cosmology information accessible in non-linear scales. We speculate that the additional statistical power of DESI Y1 should tighten the growth rate constraints by at least another 50-60%, significantly elucidating any potential tension with Planck. We also address the "lensing is low" tension, where we find that the combined effect of a lower $f\sigma_8$ and environment-based bias lowers the predicted lensing signal by 15%, accounting for approximately 50% of the discrepancy between the lensing measurement and clustering-based predictions.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Correlated red noise recently reported from pulsar timing observations may be an indication of stochastic gravitational waves emitted by cosmic strings that formed during a primordial phase transition near the Grand Unification energy scale. Unfortunately, known probes of cosmic strings, namely the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies and string lensing of extragalactic galaxies, are not sensitive enough for low string tensions of $G\mu = 10^{-10}-10^{-7}$ that are needed to explain this putative signal. We show that strong gravitational lensing of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) by cosmic strings is a potentially unambiguous avenue to probe that range of string tension values. The image pair of string lensing are expected to have identical magnification factor and parity, and have a typical time delay of $\sim 10^2\,\,(G\,\mu/10^{-8})^2$ seconds. The unique spectral fingerprint of each FRB, as well as the possibility to detect correlations in the time series of the electric field of the radio waves, will enable verification of the string lensing interpretation. Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations can spatially resolve the image pair and provide a lower bound on the string tension based on the image separation. We calculate the FRB lensing rate as a function of FRB detection number for several different models of the FRB redshift distribution. We find that a survey detecting $\sim 10^5$ FRBs, in line with estimates for the detection rate of the forthcoming survey CHORD, can uncover a strong lensing event for a string tension of $G\mu \simeq 10^{-7}$. Larger FRB surveys, such as Phase 2 of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), have the potential to significantly improve the sensitivity on the string tension to $G\mu \simeq 10^{-9}$.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We simulate the gravitational dynamics of a massive object interacting with Ultralight / Fuzzy Dark Matter (ULDM/FDM), non-relativistic quantum matter described by the Schrodinger-Poisson equation. We first consider a point mass moving in a uniform background, and then a supermassive black hole (SMBH) moving within a ULDM soliton. After replicating simple dynamical friction scenarios to verify our numerical strategies, we demonstrate that the wake induced by a moving mass in a uniform medium may undergo gravitational collapse that dramatically increases the drag force, albeit in a scenario unlikely to be encountered astrophysically. We broadly confirm simple estimates of dynamical friction timescales for a black hole at the center of a halo but see that a large moving point mass excites coherent "breathing modes" in a ULDM soliton. These can lead to "stone skipping" trajectories for point masses which do not sink uniformly toward the center of the soliton, as well as stochastic motion near the center itself. These effects will add complexity to SMBH-ULDM interactions and to SMBH mergers in a ULDM universe.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) is a key to understand the Active Galactic Nuclei population, their absorption distribution and their average spectra. However, hard X-ray instruments suffer from time-dependent backgrounds and cross-calibration issues. The uncertainty of the CXB normalization remain of the order of 20%. To obtain a more accurate measurement, the Monitor Vsego Neba (MVN) instrument was built in Russia but not yet launched to the ISS (arXiv:1410.3284). We follow the same ideas to develop a CXB detector made of four collimated spectrometers with a rotating obturator on top. The collimators block off-axis photons below 100 keV and the obturator modulates on-axis photons allowing to separate the CXB from the instrumental background. Our spectrometers are made of 20 mm thick CeBr$_{3}$ crystals on top of a SiPM array. One tube features a $\sim$20 cm$^2$ effective area and more energy coverage than MVN, leading to a CXB count rate improved by a factor of $\sim$10 and a statistical uncertainty $\sim$0.5% on the CXB flux. A prototype is being built and we are seeking for a launch opportunity.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The wavelet analysis technique is a powerful tool and is widely used in broad disciplines of engineering, technology, and sciences. In this work, we present a novel scheme of constructing continuous wavelet functions, in which the wavelet functions are obtained by taking the first derivative of smoothing functions with respect to the scale parameter. Due to this wavelet constructing scheme, the inverse transforms are only one-dimensional integrations with respect to the scale parameter, and hence the continuous wavelet transforms constructed in this way are more ready to use than the usual scheme. We then apply the Gaussian-derived wavelet constructed by our scheme to computations of the density power spectrum for dark matter, the velocity power spectrum and the kinetic energy spectrum for baryonic fluid. These computations exhibit the convenience and strength of the continuous wavelet transforms. The transforms are very easy to perform, and we believe that the simplicity of our wavelet scheme will make continuous wavelet transforms very useful in practice.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Quantum transducers that can convert quantum signals from the microwave to the optical domain are a crucial optical interface for quantum information technology. Coherent microwave-to-optics conversions have been realized with various physical platforms, but all of them are limited to low efficiencies of less than 50\%, the threshold of the no-cloning quantum regime. Here we report a coherent microwave-to-optics transduction using Rydberg atoms and off-resonant scattering technique with an efficiency of $82\pm 2\%$ and a bandwidth of about 1 MHz. The high conversion efficiency is maintained for microwave photons range from thousands to about 50, suggesting that our transduction is readily applicable to the single-photon level. Without requiring cavities or aggressive cooling to quantum ground states, our results would push atomic transducers closer to practical applications in quantum technologies.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Plasma frequency is the spectral boundary for low-loss propagation and evanescent decay of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves, which corresponds to a high cut-off phenomenon and is typically utilized for identifying SPPs. At terahertz (THz) frequencies, a metal line with periodic metallic grooves can mimic the conventional optical SPPs, which is referred to as designer SPPs. Theoretically, the plasma frequency of THz SPPs decreases as the groove depth increases. Here, by replacing the metallic grooves with graphene sheets, dynamically sweeping SPP plasma frequency is demonstrated for the first time. The metal-graphene hybrid structure comprises a metal line with periodic graphene grooves, a thin-layer ion gel for gating graphene, and metallic tips for uniforming gate field. As the chemical potential changes, the average conductivity of graphene is modulated so that the effective depth of the graphene grooves changes, which sweeps the plasma frequency of THz SPPs consequently. Both simulated and experimental data demonstrate a red shift of plasma frequency from 195 to 180 GHz at a low bias from -0.5 to 0.5 V. The proposed structure reveals a novel approach to control the on/off status of SPP propagation in the THz range.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The Kerr soliton frequency comb is a revolutionary compact ruler of coherent light that allows applications, from precision metrology to quantum information technology. The universal, reliable, and low-cost soliton microcomb source is key to these applications. In this work, we thoroughly present an innovative design strategy for realizing optical microresonators with two adjacent modes, separated by approximately 10 GHz, which stabilizes soliton formation without using additional auxiliary laser or RF components. We demonstrate the deterministic generation of the single-solitons that span 1.5-octaves, i.e., near 200 THz, via adiabatic pump wavelength tuning. The ultra-wide soliton existence ranges up to 17 GHz not only suggests the robustness of the system but will also extend the applications of soliton combs. Moreover, the proposed scheme is found to easily give rise to multi-solitons as well as the soliton crystals featuring enhanced repetition rate (2 and 3 THz) and conversion efficiency greater than 10%. We also show the effective thermal tuning of mode separation for stably accessing single-soliton. Our results are crucial for the chip-scale self-referenced frequency combs with a simplified configuration.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Photonic hook (PH) is a new type of artificial self-bending beam focused by a dielectric particle-lens with a curved waist smaller than the wavelength, which has the potential to revolutionize mesoscale photonics in many applications, e.g., optical trapping, signal switching, imaging, etc. In this paper, we discover a new mechanism that the highly curved PHs can be realised by the light interaction with the fully or partially metal-coated microchannels. The generated W-shaped and J-shaped PHs have bending angles exceeding 80-degree. Compared to other PH setups, the proposed design has a larger range to flexibly control the bending angle through the coating process and can be easily integrated with the established microfluidic systems.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: One of the fundamental challenges in nanophotonics is to gain full control over nanoscale optical elements. The precise spatiotemporal arrangement determines their interactions and collective behavior. To this end, DNA nanotechnology is employed as an unprecedented tool to create nanophotonic devices with excellent spatial addressability and temporal programmability. However, most of the current DNA-assembled nanophotonic devices can only reconfigure among random or very few defined states. Here, we demonstrate a DNA-assembled rotary plasmonic nanoclock. In this system, a rotor gold nanorod can carry out directional and reversible 360 degree rotation with respect to a stator gold nanorod, transitioning among 16 well-defined configurations powered by DNA fuels. The full-turn rotation process is monitored by optical spectroscopy in real time. We further demonstrate autonomous rotation of the plasmonic nanoclock powered by DNAzyme-RNA interactions. Such assembly approaches pave a viable route towards advanced nanophotonic systems entirely from the bottom-up.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Narrow linewidth laser(NLL) of high frequency stability and small form factor is essential to enable applications in long range sensing, quantum information and atomic clocks. Various high performance NLL have been demonstrated by Pound-Drever Hall(PDH) lock or self injection lock(SIL) of a seed laser to a vaccum-stabilized FP cavity of ultrahigh quality factor(Q). However they are often complicated lab setups due to the sophisticated stabilizing system and locking electronics. Here we report a compact NLL of 68mL volume, realized by SIL of a diode laser to a miniature FP cavity of 7.7x108 Q and 0.5mL volume, bypassing table-size vaccum, thermal and vibration isolation. We characterized the NLL with a self-delayed heterodyne system, the Lorentzian linewidth reaches 60mHz, and the integrated linewidth is ~80Hz. The frequency noise performance exceeds that of commercial NLLs and the best reported hybrid-integrated NLL realized by SIL to high Q on-chip ring resonators. Our work marks a major step toward a field-deployable NLL of superior performance utilizing ultra-high Q FP cavity.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The application of transformation optics to the development of intriguing electromagnetic devices can produce weakly anisotropic or isotropic media with the assistance of quasi-conformal and/or conformal mapping, as opposed to the strongly anisotropic media produced by general mappings; however, it is typically limited to two-dimensional applications. By addressing the conformal mapping between two manifolds embedded in three-dimensional space, we demonstrate that electromagnetic surface waves can be controlled without introducing singularity and anisotropy into the device parameters. Using fruitful surface conformal parameterization methods, a near-perfect conformal mapping between smooth manifolds with arbitrary boundaries can be obtained. Illustrations of cloaking and illusions, including surface Luneburg and Eaton lenses and black holes for surface waves, are provided. Our work brings the manipulation of surface waves at microwave and optical wavelengths one step closer.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Mode-locked lasers, which produce ultrashort pulses in the picosecond and femtosecond range, have enabled some of the most precise measurements. However, despite significant recent progress, resolving the temporal behavior of their short pulses is still a challenge. State-of-the-art oscilloscopes with tens of picosecond resolution prevent time-resolved observations in mode-locked lasers and limit the real-time pulse evolution tracking of ultrafast lasers. Here, using the time-lens technique with a Raman amplifier, we implement an ultrafast single-shot time-microscope (TM) with a high temporal magnification factor of 355 and a time measurement window of 1 millisecond that contains ~1.8*10^4 consecutive pulses. We use this TM to characterize the temporal evolution of mode-locked lasers and reveal a temporal sideway oscillation (winding) behavior, a previously unobserved feature of lasers in both theory and experiment. Our experimental observations confirm that the winding behavior is an essential feature in the operation of mode-locked lasers. We theoretically and experimentally found that the winding characteristic evolution originates from gain-induced fluctuations for relatively high gain energies, while Q-switched modulations being the main cause for lower energies. Our findings based on advanced real-time measurements open up new insights into ultrafast and transient optics and may impact future laser designs, modern ultrafast diagnostics, and influence progress in nonlinear optics in general.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The key component of nanoplasmonics is metals. For a long time, gold and silver have been the metals of choice for constructing plasmonic nanodevices because of their excellent optical properties. However, these metals possess a common characteristic, i.e., their optical responses are static. The past decade has been witnessed tremendous interest in dynamic control of the optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures. To enable dynamic functionality, several approaches have been proposed and implemented. For instance, plasmonic nanostructures can be fabricated on stretchable substrates or on programmable templates so that the interactions between the constituent metal nanoparticles and therefore the optical responses of the plasmonic systems can be dynamically changed. Also, plasmonic nanostructures can be embedded in tunable dielectric materials, taking advantage of the sensitive dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonances on the neighboring environment. Another approach, which is probably the most intriguing one, is to directly regulate the carrier densities and dielectric functions of the metals themselves.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: During the last few decades, solid-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been extensively explored to generate broadband, high-coherence supercontinua (SC). Limited by the material absorption and relatively low nonlinearity of fused silica, spectral broadening in silica PCF-based SCs is usually restricted to the blue to near-infrared spectral regions, even in developed commercial sources. The output spectra of these sources are missing short wavelengths of the full range. Many efforts have been spent to break the limitation. Among them, dispersive-wave (DW) generation has been investigated for triggering new frequencies in short wavelengths. With satisfied phase-matching conditions, excessive energy can be directly transferred from solitons of the anomalous dispersion region to DWs of the short wavelengths. However, a systematical study of factors, including phase-matched DWs, strongly related to the dispersion tailoring of higher-order modes (HOMs), has rarely been shown. This study reports the experimental observations of HOM-enhanced phase-matchings for the DW generation in the deep-blue and ultraviolet regions. A solid-core PCF-based, UV-extended SC source spanning a 2.8-octave-wide (350 nm to 2500 nm) is demonstrated. Meanwhile, we carefully verify our findings via numerical calculations.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Spintronics and quantum information science are two promising candidates for innovating information processing technologies. The combination of these two fields enables us to build solid-state platforms for studying quantum phenomena and for realizing multi-functional quantum tasks. For a long time, however, the intersection of these two fields was limited. This situation has changed significantly over the last few years because of the remarkable progress in coding and processing information using magnons. On the other hand, significant advances in understanding the entanglement of quasi-particles and in designing high-quality qubits and photonic cavities for quantum information processing provide physical platforms to integrate magnons with quantum systems. From these endeavours, the highly interdisciplinary field of quantum magnonics emerges, which combines spintronics, quantum optics and quantum information science.Here, we give an overview of the recent developments concerning the quantum states of magnons and their hybridization with mature quantum platforms. First, we review the basic concepts of magnons and quantum entanglement and discuss the generation and manipulation of quantum states of magnons, such as single-magnon states, squeezed states and quantum many-body states including Bose-Einstein condensation and the resulting spin superfluidity. We discuss how magnonic systems can be integrated and entangled with quantum platforms including cavity photons, superconducting qubits, nitrogen-vacancy centers, and phonons for coherent information transfer and collaborative information processing. The implications of these hybrid quantum systems for non-Hermitian physics and parity-time symmetry are highlighted, together with applications in quantum memories and high-precision measurements. Finally, we present an outlook on the opportunities in quantum magnonics.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Polarization vectors of light traveling in a coiled optical fiber rotate around its propagating axis even in the absence of birefringence. This rotation was usually explained due to the Pancharatnam-Berry phase of spin-1 photons. Here, we use a purely geometric method to understand this rotation. We show that similar geometric rotations also exist for twisted light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). The corresponding geometric phase can be applied in photonic OAM-state-based quantum computation and quantum sensing.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The spin-orbit interaction of light is a crucial concept for understanding the electromagnetic properties of a material and realizing the spin-controlled manipulation of optical fields. Achieving these goals requires a complete description of spin-dependent optical phenomena in the context of vector-wave mechanics. We develop an extended Dirac theory for optical fields in generic media, which was found to be akin to a non-Hermitian chiral-extension of massive fermions with anomalous magnetic momenta moving in an external pseudo-magnetic field. This similarity allows us to investigate the optical behaviors of a material by effective field theory methods and can find wide applications in metamaterials, photonic topological insulators, etc. We demonstrate this method by studying the spin-orbit interaction of structured light in a spin-degenerate medium and inhomogeneous isotropic medium, which leads to both spin-orbital-Hall effects and spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion. Of importance, our approach provides simple and clear physical insight into the spin-orbit interaction of light in generic media, and could potentially bridge our understanding of topological insulators between electronic and photonic systems.