分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 为探究吉县近30 a植被动态演变规律及其影响因素,本研究基于Landsat影像,结合气象、土地利用、夜间灯光等数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析、随机森林、残差分析等方法探究吉县植被覆盖度时空变化特征及气候和人为因素对植被变化的影响。结果显示:(1)1990—2020年研究区植被覆盖度(FVC)整体呈显著上升趋势,FVC年均增长速率约为0.49%,植被质量明显改善。(2)吉县FVC具有明显的“低值-高值”交错分布的空间特征。1990—2020年FVC显著增加区占51%,FVC显著减少区占7%。(3)气候因素对部分FVC高值区和建筑区植被生长起抑制作用,对其余地区植被覆盖起促进作用。将人类活动作为全域影响因素考虑时气候和人类活动对植被动态的贡献率分别为53.43%、46.57%,将其作为局域变量时相对贡献率减少至13.07%。人类活动在特定地区如吉县中部和东部是植被退化的重要影响因素,西侧和南部的植被恢复也与之相关。研究结果可为区域生态修复工作进一步开展提供科学依据。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-15 合作期刊: 《干旱区地理》
摘要: 蒸散发过程影响因素众多,潜在蒸散发(ET0)与气象变量交互作用复杂,亟需揭示ET0变化对气象变量的响应机理。基于河西走廊及周边21个气象站点气象资料,采用定性定量分析方法,以河西走廊整体及3分区2个空间尺度,揭示ET0时空变化规律,明确ET0对各气象因素变化敏感性及贡献。结果表明:(1) 河西走廊及分区ET0均呈显著波动上升趋势(Z>1.98),线性变化率2.94 mm·a-1,且黑河分区变化最明显。(2) ET0由东南向西北递增变化,中东部石羊河分区(1003.78 mm)、黑河分区(1031.30 mm)较小,西部疏勒河分区(1171.89 mm)较大。(3) 河西走廊ET0对气象因素变化敏感性排序为相对湿度(RH)、日最高气温(Tmax)、日照时数(n)、平均风速(u)、日降水量(P),ET0对RH减少最敏感,对P变化最不敏感。(4) u增大是造成河西走廊ET0增大的主要原因,其次是RH减少、Tmax升高、n增加。(5) 疏勒河分区、黑河分区、石羊河分区ET0呈增加变化,贡献最大因素分别为Tmax(5.13%)、u(8.22%)、Tmax(5.97%),贡献最小因素为n。气候因素中的风速和气温变化是河西走廊地区ET0变化不容忽视的重要影响因素,研究成果对合理规划农田灌溉用水和提高农业水资源利用效率意义重大。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 近年来,为实现城市生活污泥的资源化利用,通过碱热水解技术制成的污泥热碱液被广泛关注。干旱是自然界中主要非生物胁迫之一,严重限制了作物的生长发育。为了改善干旱胁迫对蔬菜作物的影响,同时实现污泥资源化利用,本研究以小青菜(Brassica chinensis)为材料,通过盆栽试验设置4个水分梯度模拟不同干旱程度,在不同干旱程度下分别冲施等氮量的热碱液和尿素溶液,探讨热碱液对叶菜抵抗干旱胁迫的作用机制。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,经热碱液处理后,小青菜根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度均显著增加,进而促进对水分和氮素营养的吸收,提高叶片相对含水量,维持光合作用;冗余分析表明热碱液的施用主要提高过氧化氢酶活性和叶片相对含水量降低干旱胁迫对小青菜生长的负面影响。综上所述,将污泥热碱液应用到蔬菜生产中可缓解干旱胁迫对叶菜造成的生长抑制,为干旱地区蔬菜生产提供了策略,也为有效无害化、资源化利用城市生活污泥提供了一种新途径。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 为了解荒漠植物叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量与土壤环境因子的关系,以新疆艾比湖保护区高、低水盐 环境下 14 种荒漠植物群落为研究对象,测定植物叶片 C、N、P 含量,讨论其化学计量比、植物内稳态特征及其与土壤 环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)在不同水盐环境下,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、C:N、C:P 及植物叶片 N、P 含量 存在显著差异。(2)Pearson 相关性分析表明,叶片 C:P 与土壤电导率(EC)、SOC、C:N 和 C:P 呈显著负相关;叶片 C 与 土壤 C:N 呈显著负相关;叶片 P 与土壤 SOC、C:N,叶片 N 与土壤 C:N、叶片 C:N 与土壤 TN 呈显著正相关;叶片 P 与土 壤 C:P、叶片 C:N 与土壤 N:P 呈极显著正相关;且冗余分析表明,土壤 C:P 对艾比湖保护区植物叶片 C、N、P 含量及化 学计量特征影响显著。(3)随土壤水盐的变化,植物叶片 N、P 含量及 N:P 的内稳态模型模拟结果不显著,内稳性指 数 H 均大于 4,属于绝对稳态,说明该研究区植物对土壤养分的适应性良好。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 利用1959—2021年内蒙古119个国家站的冰雹观测记录与ERA5再分析数据,对比分析冰雹与非冰雹层结、水汽、特殊温度层高度、垂直风切变及云微观物理量的差异,建立冰雹预报模型,为冰雹的潜势预报提供客观定量的依据。结果表明:冰雹、非冰雹K指数、假相当位温差、垂直风切变、比湿及云微观结构差异不显著。总指数(TT)>50 ℃,850 hPa与500 hPa温度差≥28.4 ℃,大气可降水量≤24 mm,-20 ℃层高度
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 植物生物量分配特征及其向土壤中的物质输入是退化沙质草地生态系统恢复,尤其是土壤碳含量增加的关键环节。本研究以科尔沁沙地不同恢复阶段的流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地为研究对象,调查分析草本植被生物量分配特征、根系性状和土壤理化性质特征,厘清生物量分配特征和根系性状与土壤碳的相互关系。结果发现:随着沙化草地逐步恢复,植被地上生物量、根系生物量、地表凋落物以及地下残体均呈显著的增加趋势(P<0.01),相对于沙化严重的流动沙丘,半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地的植物总干物质(生物量+凋落物)分别增加了11.0%、116.3%和151.2%。与生物量变化趋势相同,土壤碳含量随沙化草地的逐步恢复显著增加(P<0.05),其中0~10 cm层的增加速率高于10~20 cm层。结构方程模型(SEM)分析显示,0~10 cm层土壤碳含量受地表凋落物、地下残体和根表面积3个因素的影响,10~20 cm层土壤碳含量仅受地下残体和根表面积两个因素的影响,同时,两层土壤碳含量均与地上生物量无显著的关系。研究结果表明,在退化沙质草地恢复过程中,土壤碳含量主要受凋落物输入以及根系性状的影响,而与地上生物量无直接关系。
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-03-01 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》
摘要: 基于MODIS NPP、EVI遥感影像,采用MVC法、一元线性回归法与Pearson相关分析法,探讨天山北坡昌吉州草地植被时空动态及其对同期气温、降水的响应。结果表明:2000—2020年,草地植被NPP、EVI均为跃动式显著递增,2016年后呈逐年递减;NPP、EVI多年均值为0.095 kg C·m-2、0.186;相较于2000年(NPP=0.077 kg C·m-2、EVI=0.166),2020年NPP(0.099 kg C·m-2)、EVI(0.194)分别增长了28.57%、16.87%。草地NPP空间异质性显著增加并呈扩大趋势,EVI空间差异逐年递增,变化范围分别为0.038 kg C·m-2(NPP)、0.059(EVI)。在空间上,NPP、EVI多年平均分布具有差异;总体上,NPP、EVI随海拔升高而增加,但绿洲边缘、古尔班通古特沙漠南缘分布有高位EVI,面积占比65.01%的NPP与21.93%的EVI显著递增。9种草地类型植被NPP、EVI与降水呈显著正相关的面积占比远大于同期气温,不同类型草地对降水的响应具有差异。降水是草地植被的重要影响因子,但高海拔区域的适度增温有益于草地植被生长。
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present a novel simulation-based hybrid emulator approach that maximally derives cosmological and Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) information from non-linear galaxy clustering, with sufficient precision for DESI Year 1 (Y1) analysis. Our hybrid approach first samples the HOD space on a fixed cosmological simulation grid to constrain the high-likelihood region of cosmology+HOD parameter space, and then constructs the emulator within this constrained region. This approach significantly reduces the parameter volume emulated over, thus achieving much smaller emulator errors with fixed number of training points. We demonstrate that this combined with state-of-the-art simulations result in tight emulator errors comparable to expected DESI Y1 LRG sample variance. We leverage the new AbacusSummit simulations and apply our hybrid approach to CMASS non-linear galaxy clustering data. We infer constraints on $\sigma_8 = 0.762\pm0.024$ and $f\sigma_8 (z_{eff} = 0.52) = 0.444\pm0.016$, the tightest among contemporary galaxy clustering studies. We also demonstrate that our $f\sigma_8$ constraint is robust against secondary biases and other HOD model choices, a critical first step towards showcasing the robust cosmology information accessible in non-linear scales. We speculate that the additional statistical power of DESI Y1 should tighten the growth rate constraints by at least another 50-60%, significantly elucidating any potential tension with Planck. We also address the "lensing is low" tension, where we find that the combined effect of a lower $f\sigma_8$ and environment-based bias lowers the predicted lensing signal by 15%, accounting for approximately 50% of the discrepancy between the lensing measurement and clustering-based predictions.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Correlated red noise recently reported from pulsar timing observations may be an indication of stochastic gravitational waves emitted by cosmic strings that formed during a primordial phase transition near the Grand Unification energy scale. Unfortunately, known probes of cosmic strings, namely the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies and string lensing of extragalactic galaxies, are not sensitive enough for low string tensions of $G\mu = 10^{-10}-10^{-7}$ that are needed to explain this putative signal. We show that strong gravitational lensing of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) by cosmic strings is a potentially unambiguous avenue to probe that range of string tension values. The image pair of string lensing are expected to have identical magnification factor and parity, and have a typical time delay of $\sim 10^2\,\,(G\,\mu/10^{-8})^2$ seconds. The unique spectral fingerprint of each FRB, as well as the possibility to detect correlations in the time series of the electric field of the radio waves, will enable verification of the string lensing interpretation. Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations can spatially resolve the image pair and provide a lower bound on the string tension based on the image separation. We calculate the FRB lensing rate as a function of FRB detection number for several different models of the FRB redshift distribution. We find that a survey detecting $\sim 10^5$ FRBs, in line with estimates for the detection rate of the forthcoming survey CHORD, can uncover a strong lensing event for a string tension of $G\mu \simeq 10^{-7}$. Larger FRB surveys, such as Phase 2 of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), have the potential to significantly improve the sensitivity on the string tension to $G\mu \simeq 10^{-9}$.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We simulate the gravitational dynamics of a massive object interacting with Ultralight / Fuzzy Dark Matter (ULDM/FDM), non-relativistic quantum matter described by the Schrodinger-Poisson equation. We first consider a point mass moving in a uniform background, and then a supermassive black hole (SMBH) moving within a ULDM soliton. After replicating simple dynamical friction scenarios to verify our numerical strategies, we demonstrate that the wake induced by a moving mass in a uniform medium may undergo gravitational collapse that dramatically increases the drag force, albeit in a scenario unlikely to be encountered astrophysically. We broadly confirm simple estimates of dynamical friction timescales for a black hole at the center of a halo but see that a large moving point mass excites coherent "breathing modes" in a ULDM soliton. These can lead to "stone skipping" trajectories for point masses which do not sink uniformly toward the center of the soliton, as well as stochastic motion near the center itself. These effects will add complexity to SMBH-ULDM interactions and to SMBH mergers in a ULDM universe.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Measuring the Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) is a key to understand the Active Galactic Nuclei population, their absorption distribution and their average spectra. However, hard X-ray instruments suffer from time-dependent backgrounds and cross-calibration issues. The uncertainty of the CXB normalization remain of the order of 20%. To obtain a more accurate measurement, the Monitor Vsego Neba (MVN) instrument was built in Russia but not yet launched to the ISS (arXiv:1410.3284). We follow the same ideas to develop a CXB detector made of four collimated spectrometers with a rotating obturator on top. The collimators block off-axis photons below 100 keV and the obturator modulates on-axis photons allowing to separate the CXB from the instrumental background. Our spectrometers are made of 20 mm thick CeBr$_{3}$ crystals on top of a SiPM array. One tube features a $\sim$20 cm$^2$ effective area and more energy coverage than MVN, leading to a CXB count rate improved by a factor of $\sim$10 and a statistical uncertainty $\sim$0.5% on the CXB flux. A prototype is being built and we are seeking for a launch opportunity.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The wavelet analysis technique is a powerful tool and is widely used in broad disciplines of engineering, technology, and sciences. In this work, we present a novel scheme of constructing continuous wavelet functions, in which the wavelet functions are obtained by taking the first derivative of smoothing functions with respect to the scale parameter. Due to this wavelet constructing scheme, the inverse transforms are only one-dimensional integrations with respect to the scale parameter, and hence the continuous wavelet transforms constructed in this way are more ready to use than the usual scheme. We then apply the Gaussian-derived wavelet constructed by our scheme to computations of the density power spectrum for dark matter, the velocity power spectrum and the kinetic energy spectrum for baryonic fluid. These computations exhibit the convenience and strength of the continuous wavelet transforms. The transforms are very easy to perform, and we believe that the simplicity of our wavelet scheme will make continuous wavelet transforms very useful in practice.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Quantum transducers that can convert quantum signals from the microwave to the optical domain are a crucial optical interface for quantum information technology. Coherent microwave-to-optics conversions have been realized with various physical platforms, but all of them are limited to low efficiencies of less than 50\%, the threshold of the no-cloning quantum regime. Here we report a coherent microwave-to-optics transduction using Rydberg atoms and off-resonant scattering technique with an efficiency of $82\pm 2\%$ and a bandwidth of about 1 MHz. The high conversion efficiency is maintained for microwave photons range from thousands to about 50, suggesting that our transduction is readily applicable to the single-photon level. Without requiring cavities or aggressive cooling to quantum ground states, our results would push atomic transducers closer to practical applications in quantum technologies.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Plasma frequency is the spectral boundary for low-loss propagation and evanescent decay of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves, which corresponds to a high cut-off phenomenon and is typically utilized for identifying SPPs. At terahertz (THz) frequencies, a metal line with periodic metallic grooves can mimic the conventional optical SPPs, which is referred to as designer SPPs. Theoretically, the plasma frequency of THz SPPs decreases as the groove depth increases. Here, by replacing the metallic grooves with graphene sheets, dynamically sweeping SPP plasma frequency is demonstrated for the first time. The metal-graphene hybrid structure comprises a metal line with periodic graphene grooves, a thin-layer ion gel for gating graphene, and metallic tips for uniforming gate field. As the chemical potential changes, the average conductivity of graphene is modulated so that the effective depth of the graphene grooves changes, which sweeps the plasma frequency of THz SPPs consequently. Both simulated and experimental data demonstrate a red shift of plasma frequency from 195 to 180 GHz at a low bias from -0.5 to 0.5 V. The proposed structure reveals a novel approach to control the on/off status of SPP propagation in the THz range.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The Kerr soliton frequency comb is a revolutionary compact ruler of coherent light that allows applications, from precision metrology to quantum information technology. The universal, reliable, and low-cost soliton microcomb source is key to these applications. In this work, we thoroughly present an innovative design strategy for realizing optical microresonators with two adjacent modes, separated by approximately 10 GHz, which stabilizes soliton formation without using additional auxiliary laser or RF components. We demonstrate the deterministic generation of the single-solitons that span 1.5-octaves, i.e., near 200 THz, via adiabatic pump wavelength tuning. The ultra-wide soliton existence ranges up to 17 GHz not only suggests the robustness of the system but will also extend the applications of soliton combs. Moreover, the proposed scheme is found to easily give rise to multi-solitons as well as the soliton crystals featuring enhanced repetition rate (2 and 3 THz) and conversion efficiency greater than 10%. We also show the effective thermal tuning of mode separation for stably accessing single-soliton. Our results are crucial for the chip-scale self-referenced frequency combs with a simplified configuration.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Photonic hook (PH) is a new type of artificial self-bending beam focused by a dielectric particle-lens with a curved waist smaller than the wavelength, which has the potential to revolutionize mesoscale photonics in many applications, e.g., optical trapping, signal switching, imaging, etc. In this paper, we discover a new mechanism that the highly curved PHs can be realised by the light interaction with the fully or partially metal-coated microchannels. The generated W-shaped and J-shaped PHs have bending angles exceeding 80-degree. Compared to other PH setups, the proposed design has a larger range to flexibly control the bending angle through the coating process and can be easily integrated with the established microfluidic systems.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: One of the fundamental challenges in nanophotonics is to gain full control over nanoscale optical elements. The precise spatiotemporal arrangement determines their interactions and collective behavior. To this end, DNA nanotechnology is employed as an unprecedented tool to create nanophotonic devices with excellent spatial addressability and temporal programmability. However, most of the current DNA-assembled nanophotonic devices can only reconfigure among random or very few defined states. Here, we demonstrate a DNA-assembled rotary plasmonic nanoclock. In this system, a rotor gold nanorod can carry out directional and reversible 360 degree rotation with respect to a stator gold nanorod, transitioning among 16 well-defined configurations powered by DNA fuels. The full-turn rotation process is monitored by optical spectroscopy in real time. We further demonstrate autonomous rotation of the plasmonic nanoclock powered by DNAzyme-RNA interactions. Such assembly approaches pave a viable route towards advanced nanophotonic systems entirely from the bottom-up.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Narrow linewidth laser(NLL) of high frequency stability and small form factor is essential to enable applications in long range sensing, quantum information and atomic clocks. Various high performance NLL have been demonstrated by Pound-Drever Hall(PDH) lock or self injection lock(SIL) of a seed laser to a vaccum-stabilized FP cavity of ultrahigh quality factor(Q). However they are often complicated lab setups due to the sophisticated stabilizing system and locking electronics. Here we report a compact NLL of 68mL volume, realized by SIL of a diode laser to a miniature FP cavity of 7.7x108 Q and 0.5mL volume, bypassing table-size vaccum, thermal and vibration isolation. We characterized the NLL with a self-delayed heterodyne system, the Lorentzian linewidth reaches 60mHz, and the integrated linewidth is ~80Hz. The frequency noise performance exceeds that of commercial NLLs and the best reported hybrid-integrated NLL realized by SIL to high Q on-chip ring resonators. Our work marks a major step toward a field-deployable NLL of superior performance utilizing ultra-high Q FP cavity.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The application of transformation optics to the development of intriguing electromagnetic devices can produce weakly anisotropic or isotropic media with the assistance of quasi-conformal and/or conformal mapping, as opposed to the strongly anisotropic media produced by general mappings; however, it is typically limited to two-dimensional applications. By addressing the conformal mapping between two manifolds embedded in three-dimensional space, we demonstrate that electromagnetic surface waves can be controlled without introducing singularity and anisotropy into the device parameters. Using fruitful surface conformal parameterization methods, a near-perfect conformal mapping between smooth manifolds with arbitrary boundaries can be obtained. Illustrations of cloaking and illusions, including surface Luneburg and Eaton lenses and black holes for surface waves, are provided. Our work brings the manipulation of surface waves at microwave and optical wavelengths one step closer.
分类: 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Mode-locked lasers, which produce ultrashort pulses in the picosecond and femtosecond range, have enabled some of the most precise measurements. However, despite significant recent progress, resolving the temporal behavior of their short pulses is still a challenge. State-of-the-art oscilloscopes with tens of picosecond resolution prevent time-resolved observations in mode-locked lasers and limit the real-time pulse evolution tracking of ultrafast lasers. Here, using the time-lens technique with a Raman amplifier, we implement an ultrafast single-shot time-microscope (TM) with a high temporal magnification factor of 355 and a time measurement window of 1 millisecond that contains ~1.8*10^4 consecutive pulses. We use this TM to characterize the temporal evolution of mode-locked lasers and reveal a temporal sideway oscillation (winding) behavior, a previously unobserved feature of lasers in both theory and experiment. Our experimental observations confirm that the winding behavior is an essential feature in the operation of mode-locked lasers. We theoretically and experimentally found that the winding characteristic evolution originates from gain-induced fluctuations for relatively high gain energies, while Q-switched modulations being the main cause for lower energies. Our findings based on advanced real-time measurements open up new insights into ultrafast and transient optics and may impact future laser designs, modern ultrafast diagnostics, and influence progress in nonlinear optics in general.