Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, curbing the global temperature rise, and striving to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality are the initiatives and common pursuit of human beings confronting the climate change crisis. Carbon neutrality is a huge systemic project involving multiple disciplines and fields, and it requires a solid theoretical foundation and scientific methods to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, hence the emergence of carbon neutrality science. The theoretical connotation of carbon neutrality includes two “dynamic balances”, namely, the dynamic balance between global carbon emission and carbon absorption, and the dynamic balance between human development and the natural environment, the technical connotation includes the whole process of CO2 emission, capture, utilization, storage, and removal caused by human production and life, and the related technical system. Under the guidance of carbon neutralization theory, the core of the energy consumption structure needs to transform from fossil energy to new energy, and the world energy production and consumption structure will be transformed from fossil energy to new energy, and the world’s energy production and consumption structure will also fundamentally transform from the current “four pillars” including coal, oil, natural gas, and new energy to the new pattern of “three minors and one major” dominated by new energy. In this process, it is indispensable to build a synergistic development of coal, oil, natural gas and new energy. Meanwhile, China’s energy production and consumption structure will also undergo a revolutionary change from the current “one major and three minors” dominated by coal energy to the future “three minors and one major” pattern dominated by new energy, and eventually strive to achieve “energy independence”. However, in energy development, energy transition and energy security are considered to be on the same level of importance all along. Developing new energy is the key to achieve a sustainable carbon neutral society and building a long-term green and habitable earth.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The market mechanism is the basis for achieving carbon neutrality. Through the market mechanism, the global cost can be the lowest to achieve carbon neutrality. Therefore, in the process of carbon neutralization, it is necessary to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. China has explored and accumulated experience in various market mechanisms for more than 10 years, and has established the carbon market, green certificate market, white certificate market, energy market, etc. At the same time, the power system is also strengthening market-oriented reform. Nevertheless, there are still imperfect systems and conflicts among various markets. Therefore, it is urgent to straighten out these markets so that they can play a synergistic role with maximum effect. This study combed and analyzed the current situation of the existing market mechanism and the relationship in between, then expounded the conflict and overlapping. On this basis, it is put forward that the energy-use rights market and the energy-saving market should be merged as soon as possible, the green certificate market and the carbon market should be unified, and the marketization process of the power system should be fully considered, so that the market mechanism can improve economic efficiency and emission reduction effects. In addition, with the evolution of globalization and deglobalization of market mechanism and supply chain, the voice during international cooperation becomes particularly important. Starting from clarifying carbon responsibility, strengthening the voice during international cooperation and carbon neutrality, this study analyzed the two basic modes of production responsibility and consumption responsibility, and held that the global carbon emission situation has undergone important changes. China’s emissions are mainly concentrated on the production side, and the emissions of western developed countries (especially the United States) are more concentrated on the consumption side. Based on this, it is considered that China should adhere to the consumer responsibility
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The UK is a proponent and pioneer of carbon neutral strategic actions. In-depth analysis and comparison of the characteristics of the carbon neutral policy system between China and the UK will be of reference value for China to promote the deployment of carbon neutral actions. Based on content analysis and grounded theory method, the “3MS” analysis framework of macro-strategy, medium skeleton and micro#2;structure are designed and put forward, and the overall text and logical characteristics of its policy are summarized. Research shows that at the overall level, the UK has basically formed the policy system of “1+1+N+X” for carbon neutrality strategy, and established a strategic promotion system of “consultation, decision making, implementation and evaluation”, with an organizational structure of central coordination, institutional promotion, think tank support and private collaboration. In addition, it has well-coordinated policy networks such as legislative constraints, overall deployment, clear mission, detailed response, mutual support, and technological guidance. In contrast, China’s legislative guarantee, promotion system and think tank support are insufficient. It is suggested that the five dimensions of legal guarantee, system and mechanism, implementation path, scientific and technological innovation, and think tank support should be taken into consideration. The improvement of China's carbon peak and carbon neutral strategic policy system should be undertaken from the perspectives of different emission reduction departments, different industrial technologies, as well as government, industry, enterprise, society and other levels.
Subjects: Statistics >> Social Statistics submitted time 2023-12-03 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Between 2000 and 2020, global wildfires contributed to approximately 7.32 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accounting for about 18.5% of CO2 emissions released from fossil fuels. Forest fires alone contributed to around 20% of these wildfire emissions, approximately 1.5 billion metric tons of CO2. Due to climate change and human activities, carbon emissions from forest fires are on the rise. For example, the 2023 Canadian fires have emitted 1.268 billion metric tons of CO2 up to August 29th. Despite the simultaneous increase in forest area and volume, the frequency and extent of forest fires have significantly decreased in China since 2010, which has made a significant contribution to global carbon emission reduction. Given forest fires have become a significant global carbon emission source, a comprehensive, objective, and fair carbon emission monitoring and accounting system that considers carbon emissions from both human activities and forest fires should be established. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence frequency and intensity of wildfires to lower carbon emissions from forest fires. To address the challenges of predicting and preventing extreme forest fire behavior, it is essential to develop a forest fire risk identification, early warning, prediction, and prevention technology system. Additionally, research should be devoted to carbon emissions from wildfires, aiming to establish a more scientific, comprehensive, and domestically controllable carbon accounting system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： In the era of digital economy, digital technology is the best tool to achieve China’s goal of carbon neutrality. The energy industry is the largest source of carbon emissions in China, and how to use digital technology to peak the carbon dioxide emissions and achieve carbon neutrality goal in energy industry has attracted widespread attention. The article first explains the important strategic role of digital technology in carbon neutrality, and then analyzes the related theoretical research and application progress of digital technology and carbon emission reduction in the literature, revealing the problems of current digital technology applied to carbon neutrality in energy industry. Finally, the article puts forward the general guidelines of digital technology to promote China’s carbon neutrality process, as well as the main path of implementation of digital technologies, such as big data, digital twins, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, to assist the realization of carbon neutrality goal in China’s energy industry.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Under the ‘carbon peak and carbon neutrality’ goal, the supply and demand of China’s power system will continue to grow in the next 40 years. Firstly, this study comprehensively analyzes China’s power grid system under the goal of carbon neutralization. In the future, wind power and solar power will gradually become the main power supply, which brings new tasks and challenges to the power grid to absorb the renewable energy. On this basis, the general idea and construction principles of building a new generation of power system are expounded. Then, the basic structure and form of the new generation of power system are analyzed. Due to the continuous expansion of long#2;distance transmission scale and the imbalance of resources and load in the future, thenew generation of power system still has the remarkable characteristics of reverse distribution between the power supply and the load. Therefore, its basic form is still composed of large power and effectively supplemented by distributed power system. In addition, the flexible regulation of resources in the power grid is very important for the safe operation of the power grid, the power market operation mechanism should guide multiple subjects to participate in the construction of the new generation of power system. Finally, the phased implementation strategy of building a new power system for carbon neutralization is proposed, which has an important guiding role on building the new power system and realizing carbon neutralization.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： To achieve carbon neutrality, China’s energy system needs a radical transition, and the development of new energy is of central importance. Based on the integrated assessment modeling framework, this study compares economic and social costs and benefits between a scenario reflecting the current energy transition momentum and a scenario of accelerated energy transition. We show that the accelerated energy transition dominated by new energy is essential to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060 and the air quality target required by Beautiful China. The large development of wind and solar power will further reduce their technology costs and the overall energy costs, which will benefit China’s wind and solar equipment export and other exporting industries, supporting sustainable economic growth. In addition, the accelerated energy transition will create more jobs and health benefits and avoid substantial social costs of carbon emissions.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The grand transition to low-carbon energy system is essential to bend the growing carbon emission and further achieve the dual carbon goals. Critical metals such as rare earth elements, lithium, cobalt, nickel, and platinum are widely considered as the material base to support low-carbon technologies. However, given the supply of those metals are scarce and risky, the emerging conflicts between their supply and demand have spurred global attention and competition among countries. This study aims to explore the linkage between critical metals and low-carbon energy systems with a particular focus on the bottlenecks of China’s supply chains of those critical metals. Accordingly, this study urges to form national strategies, together with China-oriented global governance system, to promote the simultaneous innovations and management of critical metals supply and low-carbon energy transition under the dual carbon goals.
Subjects: Statistics >> Social Statistics submitted time 2023-08-12 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The main responsibility of the national strategic scientific and technological force is to focus on national strategic needs, refine key scientific problems in basic research, and gather resources to conduct original and leading scientific and technological research. The dual carbon goal is an internal requirement to implement the new development concept, construct a new development pattern, and promote high-quality development. It is a major strategic decision made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in current domestic and international situations. We take the carbon neutrality major consulting project, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), as a specific case, summarize the methods and experiences of refining the key scientific issues of dual carbon oriented towards national strategic needs. We focus on the key technology demands of dual carbon, organize a multidisciplinary and collaborative team of experts, conduct systematic organization and in-depth research, widely absorb expert opinions and previous achievements, adhere to a problem-oriented approach, strengthen data support, ensure comprehensive and objective consultation views with strong pertinence, emphasize the decision support objectives, and adopt multiple measures to expand the application of consulting research results, providing reference for the practical application of carbon neutrality technology research and scientific organization and management in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： China’s ambitious goal “strive to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060” not only shows China’s responsible attitude towards climate change, but also aligns with the upgrade requirement of China’s economy and industries. Since cities occupy a dominant position in China’s population, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, they are the main battlefield for achieving national carbon neutrality. This study first analyzes the challenges and requirements that cities’energy systems facing in order to realize carbon neutrality. Then, it takes Macao as an example to analyze the characteristics of cities’ energy consumption and carbon emissions. Finally, it proposes a pathway to realize cities’ carbon neutrality that include four major measures: promote demand-side management in cities’ energy systems; encourage distributed clean energy integration; actively purchase clean electricity from outside of cities; and leverage intelligent techniques for urban energy systems operation & optimization. The proposed pathway can provide a reference for promoting the carbon neutrality for China’s cities.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： A century of changes combined with the COVID-19 pandemic has sounded the alarm on energy security around the world. How to deeply understand the relationship between energy transition and energy security, and how to explore the path of China’s energy security and the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (abbreviated as “dual carbon”) strategy have become a major problem. Based on detailed analyses of China’s energy consumption predictions and dual carbon strategy requirements, this study proposes: (1)Energy security is the foundation of energy transition. The oil and gas shortage situation in China may persist for a long time. The “dual carbon” goal does not conflict with hydrocarbon security strategy. (2) China’s hydrocarbon security needs to be considered at two levels. The deployment needs to be made in the near-, medium- and long-term. First, it is necessary to continue exploring traditional oil and gas resources , including land and sea, conventional and unconventional resources. The second is to actively explore at new areas of oil and gas resources, and focus on organizing the “three revolutions” of in-situ conversion of medium-low mature shale oil, thermal conversion and utilization of oil-rich coal and underground coal gasification to prepare for large-scale increase of oil and gas production. (3) The “dual carbon” strategy is an extensive and profound system revolution. The withdrawal of fossil energy must be based on energy security. The clean use of fossil energy, the increased use of renewable energy, the construction of flexible smart grids, the construction of energy storage infrastructure and the improvement of efficiency in energy utilization, must be paid close attention to simultaneously. On the basis of ensuring energy security, the goal of “carbon neutrality” can be achieved through multiple ways relying on technological progress.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Coral reefs are one of the most productive, and yet most vulnerable marine ecosystems. The global decline of coral reefs induced by climate change and human activities has already affected the processes of coral calcification and carbon cycling in the reef ecosystem, intensifying the long-standing CO2 “source-sink” debate over coral reefs. Despite the fact that coral calcification is accompanied by the release of CO2 to the atmosphere, the significance of coral reefs as a carbon sink cannot be ignored, given the complex biogeochemical processes in the reef ecosystem and the characteristic mixotrophic lifestyle of the reef-building corals. From the perspective of increasing coral resilience to climate change, this study attempts to clarify the controversy over the coral reef CO2 “source-sink” debate, explore the possible ecological regulations and pathways to transform coral reefs from a carbon source to a carbon sink, and provide theoretical framework and technical support for the deployment of ocean negative carbon emissions and the implementation of the national carbon neutrality strategy.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Carbon neutrality is the right means to cope with global warming. The basic approaches to achieve carbon neutralization include reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and increasing carbon sinks or negative emissions (absorption of atmospheric CO2). As a developing country and a big emitter, China should try its best to increase carbon sinks while reducing emissions as much as possible. The ocean is the largest active carbon pool on Earth, with great potentials for carbon negative emission. We have established marine carbon sequestration theory, which has laid solid foundation for negative emission and set up the linkage between science and policy. At present, China should take the lead of the international program on the ocean negative carbon emission (ONCE), and put it into practice through top design, timely layout, and development of ONCE technology, and then establish ONCE protocols and standards for carbon trade.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： This study focuses on the strategies, targets and policy measures for carbon neutrality in global major economies. The research shows that due to the different socio-economic and political foundations, the transition strategy towards carbon neutrality in major economies is also varied, which can be divided into four categories: leading strategy, growth strategy, following strategy, and swing strategy. Most of them build carbon neutrality target system with the framework of “target roadmap+targets in key areas”, but leading countries usually integrate targets into legislation and thus the objective is legally binding, while others tend to weaken emission reduction targets and focus on the development goals of emerging industries. The main reason is that the existing technologies fail to support the realization of carbon neutrality. Most economies attach importance to S&T innovation for carbon neutrality with the purpose of increasing industrial competitiveness. But the pursuit of “local manufacturing” in Europe and America may not be conducive to reducing the cost of new technologies. In terms of market incentives, carbon emission trading market is widely used, but the carbon pricing mechanism still needs to be further optimized. This study has important enlightenment significance for China to improve carbon neutrality policy.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Climate change has emerged as one of the major challenges faced by mankind. It has become a non-traditional global security issue, which causes a serious threat to the survival of human being and sustainable development. China’s commitment to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 has important strategic significance for building a modern socialist country with harmonious coexistence between human and nature. Facing the challenge of China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality, this study proposes, through energy revolution, to promote electric decarbonization and zero carbonization power and zero carbonization fuel on the energy supply side, and to enhance energy utilization efficiency, re-electrification, and intelligence on the energy demand side. Thus, a clean, zero-carbon, safe and efficient energy system will be established with new energy as the main body and fossil energy plus carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and nuclear energy as the guarantee.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： With the impact of COVID-19, the global market has greatly enhanced the recognition of sustainable development. Economies along the Belt and Road Initiative (herein after referred as Belt & Road countries and regions) are facing severe challenges of common ecological environment and climate change. Based on the two-way fixed effect panel model and interregional input-output model,this study puts forward a measurement model of the impact of China’s outward direct investment on carbon emissions of Belt & Road countries and regions. The results show that China has played a positive role in the green development of Belt & Road countries and regions, leading the green investment of Belt & Road countries and regions. Based on the results and the current situation of China’s outward direct investment, four policy suggestions are proposed, namely, carrying out low-carbon technology transformation in crucial industries, establishing a coherent green development policy, developing multilateral green cooperation, and concentrating on the development of climate finance.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2024-05-18 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The low carbon transition pathway is a series of goals, technologies, fundings, policies, and other integrated driven system action roadmap. With the deepening of society’s understanding of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China’s dual-carbon faces the challenge of systemic advancement of comprehensive deepening implementation. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China once again emphasized that achieving the dual-carbon goal will bring about extensive and profound economic and social systemic changes, and pointed out that based on China’s energy endowment, we should adhere to first establishment and then phaseout and implement the carbon peaking actions in a planned and step-by-step manner. China’s low-carbon transition has made a series of new progress, and the planning for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality “1+N” policy framework, which aims to implement the tasks of the dual-carbon target in a comprehensive manner, has been basically completed. At the same time, it is necessary to recognize the long-term and arduous nature of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, for which the pathway and policies need to be constantly and dynamically adjusted according to the domestic and international situation. The study summarizes the new achievements of lowcarbon transition under the guidance of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality target and the “1+N” policy framework, and analyzes the transition needs and challenges faced. Finally, it puts forward several suggestions for systematically promoting the deepening implementation of the dual-carbon strategy in terms of economic system, energy system, territorial spatial pattern, building and transportation system, consumption pattern, technological innovation, financial system, trade and supply chain, governance system, and international cooperation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Fossil energy utilization faces new challenges under carbon peak and carbon neutrality (“dual carbon” for short) targets. In this study, the present status of fossil energy utilization in China is summarized. Based on the situation of energy resources in China, the idea of highly efficient and clean utilization of fossil energy under dual carbon constraint is proposed. The technical development suggestions are put forward from three aspects including high efficient combustion and conversion of coal, high efficient utilization of oil and gas, and waste treatment of the chemical processing of coal. It aims to provide scientific and technological support for the realization of dual carbon targets and the construction of a new energy system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Scientific and technological innovation plays key supporting and leading roles to achieve “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals (referred to as “dual carbon”). It is necessary to make sustained efforts in the three aspects, namely energy structure adjustment, energy consumption, and carbon sequestration, and build a novel multi-energy-integrated energy production and utilization system based on hydrogen energy, energy storage, and methanol, in which the main lines are clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, large-scale utilization and complementation of clean energy, low-carbon reconstruction of industrial processes, and intelligent multi-energy integration of building and transportation. In 2022, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the scientific and technological action plan to support dual carbon goals. By implementing eight major actions including strategic research, cross-innovation of basic frontiers, breakthroughs in key technologies, comprehensive demonstration of new technologies and other scientific and technological innovation, deploying talent team building, international cooperation, improvement of innovation system capabilities, and popular science and dissemination actions, the action plan is to provide vigorous scientific and technological support for China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： It is challenging to promote global climate change governance under the current complicated international contexts. As a country with the largest carbon emission, China has committed to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. However, carbon neutrality is a complex system engineering and relies on the implementation of circular economy. Based upon “3R” principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle, this study investigates the internal relations between circular economy and carbon neutrality and identifies the key position of circular economy in achieving carbon neutrality targets. Several policy implications are raised to help promote the development of circular economy and achieve carbon neutrality targets.
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