分类： 心理学 >> 实验心理学 分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-20
摘要：Abstract：Individuals have been observed to show higher propensity to make risk investments using non-labor income compared to labor income, although the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, we proposed that non-labor income leads to a higher prior expectation of risky investment and a reduced sensitivity towards losses. To quantitatively test this hypothesis, we employed computational modeling. A total 103 participants were recruited and completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with an equal monetary endowment, either as a token for completion of survey questionnaires (labor income) or as a prize from a lucky draw game (non-labor income). We found that individuals endowed with non-labor income made more risky investments in the BART compared to those with labor income. To formally compare the differences in the dynamic risk investment process between individuals with different source of income, we built four candidate computational models (Bayesian Sequential Risk-taking Model, Target Model, Scaled Target Learning Model and Scaled Target Learning with Decay Model (STL-D)). Through computational modeling, we found that within STL-D, the optimal model, the non-labor income group preset a higher targeted number of pumps at the beginning, showed a lower learning rate towards loss trials where the balloon exploded, and had lower behavioral consistency. Our study suggests that the increased tendency for risky investments with non-labor income can be attributed to an increase in prior expectations on risk-taking and a diminished sensitivity towards loss. These findings provide potential intervention targets to mitigate irrational investments associated with non-labor income.
分类： 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 分类： 心理学 >> 临床与咨询心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-19
摘要：自20世纪70年代末伊始，精神分析领域的许多流派都发生了一种主体间转向。其中，布伯的对话哲学对理解精神分析的主体间互动具有重要启示，但这种探索有待深入。在结合众多现象学家的论述之后，可以将布伯区分的“我-它”关系和“我-你”关系视为两种最基本的人际关系模式。在精神分析中，“我—你”关系主要表现为：（1）互动双方能充分投入到当下的对话之中，进行全身心地回应，在非言语交流和语言交流层面完成匹配；（2）当产生冲突之时，双方能够就意见不一致的地方进行协商，甚至在关系破裂之后努力修复。这种主体间互动模式在安全型依恋和一些良好的咨访关系中可以看到。“我—它”关系更多意味着单向地操纵他人，以此满足自身的各种需求（如安全需要和自恋需要）。在极端的“我—它”关系模式中，他人只是“我”的一种延伸，在“我”的需要和预期之外的各种情感、观念和行为，往往被漠视。这种主体间互动模式在自恋者、精神变态者、癔症来访者、躁狂者和强迫者等适应不良的个体那里很常见，也广泛存在于在日常生活中。“我—它”关系的操纵过程可以通过语言、情绪和身体行动等途径来完成。此外，海德格尔描述的从“上手状态”转变为“现成在手状态”的三个阶段（触目、腻味和窘迫）可以用于理解人际操纵从成功到失败的变化，为来访者更替不良的互动模式提供转机。未来的精神分析研究可以在此基础上深入探索。
分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-18
摘要：第三方干预是维持和发展社会规范的关键力量，对整个人类群体具有进化意义。补偿和惩罚是第三方干预的两种主要形式，二者均是维护社会规范的重要力量，具有恢复得失平衡以及促进规范遵从的积极作用。研究者广泛认可威慑效应是第三方惩罚促进规范遵从的主要作用机制，然而也有许多研究结果与该假说相悖。除威慑作用外，第三方干预行为作为高代价信号，也具有澄清社会规范、改变人们规范知觉的作用，这暗示着信号效应可能也是第三方干预促进规范遵从的重要作用机制。探究第三方惩罚促进规范遵从的边界条件、检验第三方补偿等非破坏性措施在维护社会规范方面的有效性是未来研究的重要方向。
分类： 心理学 >> 心理统计 提交时间： 2023-09-18
摘要：贝叶斯统计应用于假设检验的方法——贝叶斯因子——在心理学研究中的应用日渐增加。贝叶斯因子能分别量化所支持的相应假设或模型的证据，进而根据其数值大小做出当前数据更支持哪种假设或模型的判断。然而，国内尚缺乏对方差分析的贝叶斯因子的原理与应用的介绍。基于此，本文首先介绍贝叶斯方差分析的基本思路及计算原理，并结合实例数据，展示如何在JASP中对五种常用的心理学实验设计(单因素组间设计、单因素组内设计、二因素组间设计、二因素组内设计和二因素混合设计)进行贝叶斯方差分析及如何汇报和解读结果。贝叶斯方差分析提供了一个能有效替代传统方差分析的方案，是研究者进行统计推断的有力工具。
分类： 护理学 >> 护理学 提交时间： 2023-09-17
摘要：目的 通过护理临床实践及对照观察，探讨了循经拔罐对腰椎间盘突出症患者下肢疼痛的缓解疗效。方法 选取2018年 1— 8月在山东省文登整骨医院住院的 134 例腰椎间盘突出症患者为研究对象，按照简单随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组，各67例。对观察组患者，进行循经拔罐治疗。对比两组患者治疗前、治疗1周后腰椎功能评分、疼痛程度评分以及不良反应情况。结果 观察组67例患者、对照组 67 例患者完成研究。干预1周后观察组患者各项评分均显著低于对照组（P＜ 0.05）。结论 循经拔罐法对腰椎间盘突出症患者的术后下肢疼痛，有良好的治疗效果。
分类： 护理学 >> 护理学 提交时间： 2023-09-17
摘要：总结1例晚期结肠癌多脏器转移伴肺栓塞患者的护理经验。方法 对我院近期收治的1例晚期结肠癌多脏器转移伴肺栓塞患者进行护理，包括：基础护理、病情观察，肺栓塞护理、疼痛护理、心理护理及睡眠护理等。结果 经过积极治疗和精心护理后，患者最终好转出院。结论 对晚期结肠癌多脏器转移伴肺栓塞患者进行综合护理评估后，制定个体化护理方案可以缩短患者住院时间，对调整患者机体营养状态具有积极意义,有利于进一步提升机体免疫功能，提高患者满意度。
分类： 天文学 >> 天体物理学 提交时间： 2023-09-15
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分类： 统计学 >> 应用统计数学 提交时间： 2023-09-15
摘要：The principal component analysis (PCA) is a frequently used machine learning method. In this paper, the PCA operation is explained by examples with Python program illustration. A proof of the diagonalizability of real symmetric matrix is also included, which may help to understand the mathematics behind PCA.
分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2023-09-15
摘要：The Trojan horse method was employed to indirectly measure the bare-nucleus reaction cross-section and astrophysical S-factor of the 9Be(p,α) 6Li reaction in the low-energy region , utilizing the three-body reaction 2H(9Be,α 6Li)n. Comparing the two-body reaction data extracted from the Trojan horse method with that obtained through direct measurements, compatibility is observed in the energy region above approximately 100 keV. Additionally, the THM data successfully reproduces the expected low-energy resonance peak around 270 keV. The THM extraction of the astrophysical factor yields S(0) = 21.0 ± 0.8 MeV b, which surpasses the extrapolation obtained from direct measurements. The 9Be(p,α) 6Li reaction channel exhibits a subthreshold resonance with a width of 25 keV, positioned approximately -23 keV below the threshold. However, the strong electron shielding effect near the zero energy position in direct measurements often masks the influence of the subthreshold resonance on the low-energy region. In contrast, the THM method allows us to neglect the electron shielding effect. The THM experimental data were subjected to fitting using the Breit-Wigner function and subsequently compared with directly measured data. Following a comprehensive comparative analysis, it was discerned that the S(0) value obtained through THM exceeded the extrapolated value derived from direct measurements. This disparity was primarily attributed to the influence of the subthreshold resonance.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2023-09-15
摘要：分析指出单极感应磁体磁力线相对于转轴的全对称分布状态没有被引起足够的重视，是导致单极感应问题产生和遗留的根本原因。提出了一种两极球形磁体验证单极感应问题的方案。方案实施容易。只要选择合适的转轴取向，同一磁体既可以实施经典的单极感应，又可以实施找寻单极感应问题答案的两极感应验证实验。两种实验步骤对应实施，实验结果可对比分析。与单极感应全部实验结果两种观点都可以给出合理的解释不同，两极感应验证实验时磁体的磁力线相对于转轴的分布已不再是全对称状态，因此对于验证结果两种观点能给出的合理解释差异凸显出来，对与错已显现。验证结论是：磁体的磁力线随磁体运动。
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-14
摘要：Objective: Nowadays, young adults are facing stressors from several aspects. They have already become the most anxious groups in Chinese society and in risk of developing a series of anxiety disorders. The theory of challenge-hindrance stress was proposed to explain the positive and negative outcomes of different stressors. It has been widely tested mostly in the field of organization and management. In the current study, we used the challenge-hindrance stress theory to clarify the association between stress in daily life and anxiety. We also examined the HPA-axis function buffering the influence of daily stress on anxiety.
Methods: we used the edited Chinese version of challenge-hindrance stress scales to measure challenge and hindrance stress over 6 months. The level of anxiety was measured by state-trait anxiety inventory. We also carried out a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in laboratory and recorded the change of cortisol level during the 60 minutes right after the acute stress.
Results: Results show that the recent level of hindrance stress positively predicts trait anxiety, but the level of challenge stress does not predict trait anxiety. It is also found that, the cortisol decline rate during the recovery of acute stress moderates the association between stress and anxiety. To be exact, individuals with low cortisol decline rate could not recover to baseline level even after rather long rest, and hindrance stress in their lives would lead to higher level of anxiety. But for individuals who has high cortisol decline rate after acute stress, they recover fast to baseline after the stressor disappear, and they become less anxious although facing the same level of hindrance stress
Limitations: Firstly, we only examined anxiety but left other distal outcomes of stress such as wellbeing to be further studied. Secondly, we choose the decline rate of cortisol to represent the HPA-axis function instead of taking different systems into consideration. Thirdly, stress appraisal could be further examined in the challenge-hindrance stress researches in addition to different stressors.
Conclusions: The current study checked the association between stress and anxiety under the framework of challenge-hindrance stress. We examined the moderating mechanism of HPA-axis function, and discussed the effect of physiological toughness from the respective of resources and demands.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-14
摘要：建构统一的认知和神经生理模型是词汇阅读认知神经科学研究面临的核心问题。阅读的认知理论模型一致认为阅读是语音和语义加工通路分工协作的结果，认知神经科学研究也表明词汇阅读是背侧和腹侧神经通路动态协作的结果。为了系统地阐述阅读网络的这种动态协作机制，结合神经功能和生理基础两个层面，从以下三个方面对最新研究进展进行系统疏理：首先，指出潜在的加工需求是背/腹侧神经通路动态协作的实质；然后进一步阐明潜在加工需求驱动了不同正字法深度下背/腹侧神经通路的分工合作模式；最后，深入剖析了潜在加工如何通过语言经验的塑造作用形成了神经通路间的动态协作。从而揭示出阅读神经通路动态协作的实质可能是特定任务下加工需求驱动的结果，这种动态协作可能成为跨语言普遍的词汇阅读理论模型。
分类： 核科学技术 >> 核探测技术与核电子学 提交时间： 2023-09-14
Liu, Tao
Song, Haisheng
Yu, Yuhong
Yan, Duo
Sun, Zhiyu
Tang, Shuwen
Lu, Fenhua
Wang, Shitao
Zhang, Xueheng
Li, Xianqin
Yang, Haibo
Fang, Fang
Zhang, Yongjie
Ma, Shaobo
Ong, Hooijin
Zhao, Chengxin
摘要：A fully digital data acquisition system based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) was developed for a CsI(Tl) array at the External Target Facility (ETF)in the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL). To process the CsI(Tl) signals generated by γ-rays and light-charged ions, a scheme for digital pulse processing algorithms is proposed. Every step in the algorithms was benchmarked using standard γ and α sources. The scheme, which included a moving average filter, baseline restoration, leading-edge discrimination, moving window deconvolution and digital charge comparison was subsequently implemented on the FPGA. A good energy resolution of 5.7% for 1.33 MeV γ rays and excellent α-γ identification using the digital charge comparison method were achieved, which satisfies CsI(Tl) array performance requirements.
分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
Ma, Pufang
Wang, Jiarong
Zhang, Zixiao
Meng, Tianming
Xia, Zihan
Ren, Baihui
Wei,Long
Yao, Ke
Xiao, Jun
Zou, Yaming
Tu, Bingsheng
Wei, baoren
摘要：The total absolute cross sections of single- and double-electron capture (SEC and DEC) in the collisions of He2+ with He and Ne8+ with O2, N2, and CH4 were studied in the energy ranges 3.5 to 50 keV/u and 2.8 to 40 keV/u, respectively. Through a deep analysis of the experimental systematic uncertainties in the measurement procedure and data evaluation, the error in the experimental results of the SEC cross sections is less than 9%. Within the uncertainties, the present results of the He2+ -He collision show good consistency with previous measurements, validating the experimental system and paving the way for precise measurements of EC cross sections for a variety of ions and neutral gases. The present measurements allow for a test of EC theory and provide crucial EC cross section data for the establishment of plasma models in fusion research and astrophysical X-ray studies.
分类： 护理学 >> 护理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要：本文观察耳穴贴压治疗1例胸痹加失眠焦虑患者的效果，总结相关护理经验，在实施中医特色治疗护理中，常常会采用耳穴贴压治疗。这种治疗方法通常会结合常规护理、饮食护理和情志护理一起进行。耳穴贴压治疗的护理技术方法，作用直接、效果明显、无副作用，患者身心状态及生活质量有所提高，是促进患者康复的关键。
分类： 医学、药学 >> 临床医学 提交时间： 2023-09-13 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要：背景 痛风是最常见的炎症性关节炎，对人们的健康造成很大的危害，但目前针对我国痛风疾病负担趋势分析与预测的相关研究有限。目的 分析 1990—2019 年中国痛风疾病负担的变化趋势，并预测未来 10 年痛风的标化 DALYs 率、标化发病率和标化患病率。方法 提取全球疾病负担研究（GBD）2019 有关中国痛风伤残调整寿命年（DALYs）、发病情况和患病情况等疾病负担指标，采用 Joinpoint 回归模型计算标化 DALYs 率、发病率和患病率的年度变化百分比（APC）和平均年度变化百分比（AAPC），采用自回归移动平均模型（ARIMA 模型）对 2020—2029 年的标化 DALYs 率、标化发病率和标化患病率进行预测。结果 1990—2019 年，中国痛风 DALYs 从 187 436 人年增至 510 485 人年，增长了 172.35%，发病人数从 1 181 969 人增至 3 041 329 人，增长了 157.31%，患病人数从 5
864 143 人增至 16 161 325 人，增长了 175.60%（对应的标化率分别增长了 28.45%、25.92% 和 28.63%）。Joinpoint 回归结果显示，1990—2019 年，标化 DALYs 率、发病率、患病率整体呈上升趋势（AAPC 分别为 0.9%、0.8%、0.9%，P<0.05）。痛风疾病负担具有明显的性别和年龄差异，男性疾病负担高于女性，标化 DALYs 率、标化发病率和标化患病率男女性别比范围分别为 3.23~3.51、3.14~3.40 和 3.17~3.42。女性各指标年龄高峰总体比男性延后，女性在 45 岁之后疾病负担开始加重，男女性疾病负担均在 90 岁之后再次增加。ARIMA 模型结果显示，预计到 2029 年，因痛风造成的标化 DALYs 率和标化发病率分别下降 0.33% 和 0.45%，标化患病率上升 0.71%。结论 1990—2019 年中国痛风疾病负担增长趋势明显，存在明显的性别和年龄差异，且出现年轻化趋势。预计到 2029 年，因痛风造成的标化患病率略有上升。
分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要：Abstract: In this experimental study, involving deuterium–deuterium fusion neutron emission spectroscopy (NES) measurement on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST), a liquid scintillator detector (BC501A) was employed. This decision was based on the detector's superior sensitivity, optimal time-response, and its exceptional n-γ discrimination capability. This detector emits fast pulse signals that are as narrow as 100 ns, with high count rates that can peak at several Mcps. However, conventional nuclear circuits faced challenges in performing pulse height analysis, n–γ pulse shape discrimination (PSD), and in recording the entire pulse waveform under such high-count-rate conditions. To address these challenges, a high-speed digital pulse signal acquisition and processing system was designed. The system was developed around a micro-telecommunications computing architecture (MTCA). Within this structure, a signal acquisition and processing (SAQP) module communicated through PCI Express (PCIe) links, achieving a bandwidth of up to 1.6 GB/s. To accurately capture the detailed shape of the pulses, four channels of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) were used, each with a 500-MSPS sampling rate and a 14-bit resolution, ensuring an accuracy that surpassed 11 bits. An n-γ discrimination algorithm, based on the two-gate integral method, was also developed. Implemented within field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), this algorithm provided a real-time n-γ discrimination spectrum for pulse height analysis. The system underwent rigorous testing in a laboratory setting and during an EAST experiment. The results confirmed that the innovative SAQP system can satisfy the demanding requirements of high-parameter experiments, manage count rates of up to 2 Mcps, execute real-time n-γ discrimination algorithms, and record entire pulse waveforms without any data loss.
分类： 护理学 >> 护理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要：本文总结1例运用全息刮痧治疗黄褐斑的护理体会。该患者患黄褐斑8年，经西医治疗欠佳，在以中医情志护理及饮食护理为主的基础上，施以中医全息刮痧疗法，经治疗前、后对比，有效改善黄褐斑。
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要：第三方惩罚(third-party punishment, TPP)指个体作为第三方或者观察者为维护社会规范对违规者所实施的惩罚行为。大量研究为揭示TPP行为的神经机制提供了启示，但鲜有研究关注不同功能性脑网络在其中发挥的整体作用。本文综述了近十年来TPP相关的研究，对相关理论模型和脑网络进行总结，并在此基础上提出TPP的认知神经网络模型，系统地对TPP行为背后的神经机制进行解释和整合。在该模型中，情绪系统和奖赏系统是TPP的动力来源，认知系统主要负责责任评估以及惩罚的选择；奖赏网络、突显网络、默认模式网络和中央执行网络分别参与不同认知加工阶段。该模型建立了TPP相关研究在心理层面和认知神经层面上的联系，对TPP行为的发生和发展机制进行了更加整体、全面的解释。未来可以引入元分析或基于机器学习的分析方法，在不同的背景信息和更加复杂的社交情境下探讨第三方干预偏好以及背后的认知神经机制。
分类： 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间： 2023-09-13
摘要：Background: While psychosocial stressors trigger neuroendocrine responses and affect task performance, many studies overlook the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process. Goal: This study aims to explore whether subjective appraisals at various time points can interpret individual stress responses, both behaviorally and physiologically, using controlled laboratory conditions. Methods: A total of 137 effective participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social stress Test (TSST). Subjective appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal). Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented. Results: Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal doesn't significantly impact task performance, whereas retrospective appraisal markedly affects performance of the corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only the retrospective appraisal of the speech task accounted for the observed variance in cortisol response under stress. Discussion: The data suggests that retrospective appraisals are more indicative of behavioral and physiological responses to psychosocial stressors than anticipatory appraisals. These findings lend empirical support to refining the biopsychosocial model and underscore the utility of retrospective appraisal in capturing individual stress response variations.
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