分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 分类： 计算机科学 >> 自然语言理解与机器翻译 提交时间： 2025-05-27
摘要： The introduction of the transformer architecture in 2017 (cf. [VSP2017]) marked the most striking advancement in natural language processing. The transformer is a model architecture relying entirely on an attention mechanism to draw global dependencies between input and output. However, we believe there is a gap in our theoretical understanding of what the transformer is, and why it works physically. In this paper, from a physical perspective on modern chips, we construct physical models in the Fock space over the Hilbert space of tokens realizing large language models based on a transformer architecture as open quantum systems. Our physical models underlie the transformer architecture for large language models.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-05-25
摘要： 本文在满足一些条件的广义相对论时空中，本文光锥定义下，研究主命题：时空中任意两点的过去光锥与未来光锥的相交性一致，与若干引理推论，仅分析而未完成证明。
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-05-12
摘要： We argue that the existence of thermal phenomena, together with thephenomena of particle creation and annihilation, imposes fundamentalconstraints on the dynamics of physical systems. Specifically, thepresence of these phenomena jointly requires that a finite systemcan only have a finite number of microscopic physical states,which naturally leads to the necessity of a quantization frameworkand an inherently probabilistic dynamic structure.We show that deterministic hidden-parameter theories, suchas Bohmian mechanics, are incompatible with these requirements.Furthermore, we briefly explore why the gravitational wave fieldis more likely to be quantum in nature rather than classical.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 分类： 计算机科学 >> 自然语言理解与机器翻译 提交时间： 2025-05-07
摘要： This paper presents a mathematical formalism for generative artificial intelligence (GAI). Our starting point is an observation that a “histories" approach to physical systems agrees with the compositional nature of deep neural networks. Mathematically, we define a GAI system as a family of sequential joint probabilities associated with input texts and temporal sequences of tokens (as physical event histories as in \cite{Gudder1998,Isham1994}). From a physical perspective on modern chips, we then construct physical models realizing GAI systems as open quantum systems. Finally, as illustration, we construct physical models in the Fock space over the Hilbert space of tokens realizing large language models based on a transformer architecture as open quantum systems.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-04-30
摘要： The three-dimensionality of space is usually introduced as a presupposed fact in the theory of modern physics, and the three-dimensionality of particle motion, that is, the three-dimensionality of particle momentum, is then a result of this fact. In this article, I propose a new logical possibility that the three-dimensionality of the photon momentum can be regarded as an inherent property of the photon itself, and the three-dimensionality of space is a natural consequence of this property. Since H. Poincaré and A. Einstein, it has been recognized that the properties of spacetime are related to how people measure and define it. And both in daily life and in physics research, light plays a crucial role in how people gain experience and concepts about spacetime. The characteristics attributed to classical four-dimensional spacetime may simply reflect the inherent properties associated with photons.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-04-22
摘要： 在质心参照系中，实粒子（弹性粒子）的运动包括平动、转动和振动三种模式。热力学系统的三种模式能量构成一个向量空间，系统的宏观状态由能量空间的向量表征。本文提出的平衡态原理概括并扩展了经典热力学定律的内容，从而将统计物理学纳入统一的公理化体系。通过粒子分布矢描述系统微观状态，发现了有序度与相互作用的关系。借助两个结构层次的粒子统计，导出了完整的热力学函数组、状态方程组和微分方程组。通过引入热能函数，建立了熵与粒子缔合度的联系。基于能量空间的结构分析，阐明了相变的物理机制和特点。结果表明，基于质心参照系的实粒子统计理论揭示了热力学系统的普遍规律。
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 分类： 数学 >> 数学物理 分类： 计算机科学 >> 计算机科学技术其他学科 提交时间： 2025-02-10
摘要： 依据’t Hooft在2016年提出的关于量子态叠加原理的新诠释, 本文运用拓扑斯理论研究量子人工智能的数学基础. 首先, 根据图灵测试对智能给出的科学定义, 我们将人工智能系统定义为由拓扑斯理论所描述的物理系统(Isham等人在2008年建立的物理理论), 它们具有自身的高阶形式语言及逻辑推理系统. 其次, 依据物理原理, 我们将人工智能系统分为经典人工智能系统和量子人工智能系统. 对于经典人工智能系统, 我们用测度论构造相应的拓扑斯描述, 特别是给出了深度学习的拓扑斯描述; 而对于量子人工智能系统, 则用Hilbert空间上算子理论构造相应的拓扑斯以给出它的数学描述. 最后, 本文给出了量子神经网络的拓扑斯理论模型.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-02-07
摘要： In a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS), the magnetic field is synchronized with the beam energy, creating a highly dynamic magnetic environment. To prevent eddy current effects, a series of Cu strips with a certain gap is used as a shielding layer (RF shield), and each strip is physically segmented to avoid electric circuit, thereby effectively suppressing eddy current effects. Additionally, by connecting the ends of the Cu strips with a capacitor, a high-pass shield is formed, reducing both eddy current effects and beam coupling impedance. Consequently, the ceramic chamber exhibits a thin-walled, multilayered complex structure. Previous theoretical studies suggest that the impedance of such a structure has a negligible impact on the beam. However, recent impedance measurements of the ceramic chamber in the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) RCS reveal a resonance in low-frequency range, which further theoretical analysis confirms as a source of beam instability in the RCS. Currently, the magnitude of this impedance cannot be accurately assessed through theoretical calculations. In this study, we utilize CST Microwave Studio to confirm the impedance of the ceramic chamber. Further simulations covering six different types of ceramic chambers are conducted to develop an impedance model in the RCS. Additionally, this paper investigates the resonant characteristics of the ceramic chamber impedance, finding that the resonant frequency is closely related to the capacitance of capacitors. This finding provides clear directions for further impedance optimization and is crucial for achieving the beam power of 500 kW for the CSNS Phase II project (CSNS-II). However, careful attention must be given to the voltage across the capacitors.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-01-06
摘要： 本文拓展了基于质心参照系的弹性粒子流场理论，构建了新粒子动力学的理论基础。本文提出的作用原理申明：完备的流场粒子相互作用包含梯度力、旋度力和散度力（F=FG+FC+FD)。粒子的运动遵循修正的能量定理和角动量定理，以及新发现的旋量定理。动力平衡状态（定态）的能量、旋量和角动量守恒，并服从广义的量子化跃变法则。在核作用场中，粒子运动遵循广义的牛顿定律（F=ma，状态方程)，定态方程（F=0）的解是椭圆轨道。多粒子系统的定态是花瓣形轨道，轨道能谱（能量本征值）由旋量的平方确定。建立了原子轨道数学模型，解释了原子壳层结构和氢原子光谱，阐明了原子核自旋与电子轨道手征性的关系。理论的完备性和自洽性表明，流场力是粒子相互作用的统一形式，测量原理是融合相对论和量子论基础的第一性原则，粒子动力学定理是宏观和微观世界普适的物理规律。
分类： 物理学 >> 气体、等离子体、放电物理 分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2025-01-01
摘要： We derive the transport equations from the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation when the velocity space is spherically symmetric. The Shkarofsky’s form of Fokker-Planck-Rosenbluth collision operator is employed in the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation. A closed-form relaxation model for homogeneous plasmas could be presented in terms of Gauss hypergeometric2F1 functions. This has been accomplished based on the Maxwellian mixture model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that classic models such as two-temperature thermal equilibrium model and thermodynamic equilibrium model are special cases of our relaxation model and the zeroth-order Braginskii heat transfer model can also be derived. The present relaxation model is a nonequilibrium model based on the hypothesis that the plasmas system possesses finitely distinguishable independent features, without relying on the conventional near-equilibrium assumption.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-11-20
摘要： 基于闵氏时空定义的四维速度矢量，并非由运动物体在四个维度各自的运动速度构成，缺乏直观的物理意义，提升了计算和分析的复杂度。本文提出了一种基于欧氏度规，四个分量与物体在四维时空的运动速度一一对应的四维速度矢量定义，并建立了与此四维速度矢量匹配的时空坐标系及其线元计算方法。本文基于此四维速度矢量和坐标系对狭义相对论和广义相对论中的若干问题进行了演算，得出了闵氏时空无法适用欧氏度规的原因。特别是从欧氏四维速度变化带来的动量和能量变化的角度，揭示了引力是时空结构而不是力的物理原理，说明了欧氏度规在相对论计算中比闵氏度规具有更显著的直观性。
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-09-26
摘要： 一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化硫(SO2)造成的空气污染是大城市的一个主要问题,因为这两种物质对健康有严重的不利影响.然而,空气污染物的统计特性还没有完全了解.本文借用非平衡统计力学的方法,构建了适合大气污染统计的超统计模型.同时,我们分析了在武汉记录的一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化硫(SO2)浓度的时间序列.我们发现浓度的概率分布都服从q-高斯分布,并且动力学可以很好地用χ2超统计量来描述.我们的研究结果可用于对高污染情况进行精确的风险估计,并为制定缓解策略铺平道路
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-09-15
摘要： In our previous work (i.e., Ref. [14]), we proposed a special Lorentz violation model, which ischaracterized by the fact that the maximum energy of a particle with mass is finite and proportionalto its rest mass rather than infinite as predicted by the Lorentz model. In this paper, we continueto explore the impact of the Lorentz violation model on the electric field and gravitational field.We find that, based on this model, there will be a phenomenon of “asymptotically-free-like” inthe electric field and gravitational field, that is, when two objects are coming to each other at ahigh speed (especially when the relative velocity between them is close to c ) under the actionof electric force or gravity, the electric force or gravity between them will gradually increase, butafter a certain time, the electric force or gravity between them will decrease sharply and tends to0, causing the objects to move in a quasi-free state. And we also find that when the mass of agravitational source is large enough to be greater than a certain critical mass, the maximum energyor gravitational potential obtained by the particle with unit mass under the action of gravity isindependent of the mass of the gravitational source, but is a constant related to Q. The aboveconclusions are significantly different from those predicted by the Lorentz model, especially itcompletely avoids the singularity problem in black hole.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-09-15
摘要： In this paper we followed the idea in Ref. 1 to discuss the Doppler frequency shift of photons and the Compton scattering between photons and electrons, pointing out that followingthe idea we have to modify the usual quantum relation of massless particle. But due to limitedinformation and knowledge, we couldn’t yet determine the specific expression for the correctioncoefficient of the quantum relation of massless particle. However, the phenomenon of spontaneous radiation in a cyclotron maser give us an opportunity to see what the expression for this correctioncoefficient might look like, as the phenomenon of spontaneous radiation in a cyclotron maser canbe explained by the effect of Doppler frequency shift of virtual photons and Compton scatteringbetween virtual photons and electrons. Therefor, under some restrictive conditions, we construct a very concise expression for this correction coefficient by discussing different cases. And then we used this expression to analyze the wavelength of radiation in the cyclotron maser, which tends toa limited value at v→c, rather than to 0 as in the Lorentz model. This paper still inherits the idea inRef. 1 that the energy and momentum of particles cannot be infinite, otherwise it will make some equations meaningless, and this view is also from the idea in some quantum gravity models. This paper also provides us with a possible experimental scheme to determine the value of Qin Ref. 1 , but it still requires extremely high experimental energy.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-09-10
摘要： We report a comprehensive study on the low-lying parity-doublet states of ^{224}Rn with the mixing of both quadrupole and octupole-shaped configurations in a multireference covariant density functional theory, where the symmetries broken in the configurations are restored with projection techniques. The low-lying energy spectrum is reasonably reproduced. The electric octupole transition strength in ^{224}Rn is found to be B(E3; 3^-_1 \rightarrow0^+_1)=43 W.u., comparable to that in ^{224}Ra, whose data are 42(3) W.u. Our results indicate that ^{224}Rn shares a similar low-energy structure with ^{224}Ra, despite the first 3^- state of the former nucleus being higher in energy than that of the latter. This study suggests ^{225}Rn to be another candidate to search for a permanent electric dipole moment.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 分类： 物理学 >> 基本粒子与场物理学 提交时间： 2024-08-27
摘要： We propose a simple, direct and verifiable explanation for the neutrino oscillations. This explanation is based on the exchange effect between identical particles. Specifically, the experimental neutrinos acquire a tiny potential energy inversely proportional to their energy by exchanging with the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CνB). This exchange occurs both between neutrinos of the same flavour and between neutrinos of different flavours, and the latter makes the three potential energy eigenstates of the experimental neutrinos different from the three flavour eigenstates. In terms of the effect on the phase factor of the wave function, a neutrino having a tiny potential energy inversely proportional to its energy is equivalent to it having a tiny apparent mass, and the potential eigenstates being a mixture of flavour eigenstates is equivalent to the mass eigenstates being a mixture of flavour eigenstates. We calculate the potential eigenvalues and eigenstates of the potential energy matrix expressed by the exchange amplitudes between the experimental neutrinos and the CνB, and determine the matrix (with one free parameter) by using the measurement data of the neutrino oscillation experiments. The values of the matrix elements have the features that are consistent with the prediction of the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM) for the distribution of the CνB. In addition, the SCM predicts the magnitude of the background neutrino flux, and according to our theory, if the flux of experimental neutrinos is much larger than that of the background neutrinos, then the neutrino exchange may change the distribution of the background neutrinos, and thus change the apparent mass of the neutrinos as well as the way of mixing. This provides a new and unified perspective to explain various anomalies in experiments involving high-flux neutrino sources. Systematically studying the relationship between these anomalies and the magnitude of neutrino flux through experiments would provide a realistic way to test our theory.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-08-27
摘要： The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, but its exact mathematical expression cannot obtain correct results when used to solve theoretical problems such as the energy levels of hydrogen atoms, one-dimensional deep potential wells, one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, and double-slit experiments. Even after approximate treatment, the results obtained are not completely consistent with those obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. This indicates that further research on the uncertainty principle is necessary. Therefore, using the de Broglie matter wave hypothesis, we quantize the action of an elementary particle in natural coordinates and obtain the quantization condition and a new deterministic relation. Using this quantization condition, we obtain the energy level formulas of an elementary particle in different conditions in a classical way that is completely consistent with the results obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. A new physical interpretation is given for the particle eigenfunction independence of probability for an elementary particle: an elementary particle is in a particle state at the space-time point where the action is quantized, and in a wave state in the rest of the space-time region. The space-time points of particle nature and the wave regions of particle motion constitute the continuous trajectory of particle motion. When an elementary particle is in a particle state, it is localized, whereas in the wave state region, it is nonlocalized.
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-08-18
摘要： Although Special relativity has been tested by all high-energy physics experiments, however, all laboratory reference frames are not strictly inertial. Thus it is of essential importance to test the validity of the light speed invariance principle in the translational reference frame, where the origin can be accelerated arbitrarily and the axes do not rotate. We first propose a moderate principle of relativity based on the formal invariance of particle dynamics in translational reference frames, and we adhere to the most central physics that the effect of the motion of the reference frame on particle dynamics can only be directly and uniquely attributed to the real forces acting on its reference object(s). We then present a relativistic particle dynamics equation which remains formally invariant under the transformation of translational reference frames. The theoretical analysis on the relativistic reformulation of particle dynamics demonstrates that the moderate principle of relativity is compatible with the light speed invariance principle, and naturally includes the formalism of Lorentz transformations.
分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-07-29
摘要： 量子认知心理学是一门融合量子力学原理与认知心理学的新兴学科，借助量子概率理论和量子态描述，解释和模拟人类认知过程中的不确定性和复杂性。量子认知心理学在汲取量子力学“精华”的同时，不断整合认知心理学的经典理论，从而发展出三个独具特色的理论和模型，即量子概率理论、量子决策理论和量子认知模型。随着量子科技的迅猛发展，量子科技在认知心理学领域也取得了较快的发展，两者相结合的应用领域也在不断拓展。然而，量子认知心理学目前面临着来自理论、实证和跨学科整合上的争议与挑战，未来要深入探索量子力学领域相关效应在人类高级认知过程中的作用、推动量子认知心理学和认知神经科学与人工智能深度整合。
分类： 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间： 2024-06-15
摘要： 受来自引力的全息理论以及 AdS/CFT 对偶性中所揭示的量子纠缠与时空间可能存在深刻联系的启发，本文尝试在量子测量、量子纠缠以及时空间建立一种联系，提出了一种“多时空”方案。在该方案下，可以同时解决量子测量中的优先基矢问题和明确结果问题。并且揭示出了经典时空来源于量子测量。但该方案的一个衍生结果是宇宙中的经典时空数量不是唯一的，而是可能存在很多个。“多时空”方案使测量仪器或观察者沦为了普通地位，以及被测系统和测量仪器间的地位是平等的。然而目前这种方案的提出仍然是框架性的或认识性的，它的检验依赖于量子引力的建立，但同时也为未来量子引力在同时处理经典时空、量子测量和量子纠缠问题时提供了一种可能的方向。
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