Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The total amount of radiation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest in the world with an extreme area of super solar constant, where a huge heat source “embedded” in the middle troposphere forms a hollow heat island with the effect exceeding any urban agglomerations in the world and an inestimable driving impact on global and regional changes in atmospheric circulation system. In closely association with the seasonal variations of TP’s thermal forcing, the Asian summer monsoon is the most widely in the world with the strongest monsoon intensity. The seasonal changes of solar radiation results in a “rapid response” of sensible heat and its dynamic movement over the TP’s large terrain. The advancing cold-rainfall belts of East Asian summer monsoon stop just along the mountain-plain boundary area in China’s three ladder terrain distribution, indicating that the TP may play key role in summer monsoon process of air-sea-land interactions. The extreme regions of low cloud cover and total cloud cover over China, the sources of large rivers (Yangtze River, Lancang River, Yarlung Zangbo River, etc.) in the TP and the group of lakes and rivers in central-eastern China are spatially almost consistent, reflecting that an inseparable connection of the formation of “Asian Water Tower” and the unique cloud precipitation structure in the TP. The studies revealed that a significant influence of the TP’s atmospheric heat source on the cloudprecipitation and water vapor transport pattern in local and downstream areas. The precipitation in the Yangtze River Reaches has an obvious zonal high correlation structure with the low cloud cover over China, the precipitation in the Yangtze River Reaches has an important relation with the thermal divers of upper TP’s Asian Water Tower, and convection system. From the perspective of acrossequatorial circulations, it is found that the summertime cross-equatorial lower south and upper-north flows between the northern to southern hemispheric atmosphere appears just in the Asian and the North American regions with the TP and the Rocky Mountains. The TP’s zonal and meridional circulation structure and the relevant mechanism of regional and global atmospheric circulation confirm the thermal role of the TP’s “roof of the world” and the convection activities in global energy and water circles. The three-dimensional distribution of special water vapor on the TP and the vertical circulation of atmosphere across the hemispheres show that the TP contributes significantly to the change of global atmospheric circulation. A global Water Tower concept in the TP’s atmosphere was put forward, and it is believed that the “water supply” and “water storage” system of TP’s water tower is built with the “water storage tank” system of the plateau surface glaciers, snow cover and lakes, as well as “water supply pipelines” of rivers transporting water from the water tower to the downstream areas, and the upper atmosphere also provides the channels for outward transport of water vapor from the TP. The TP’s special atmospheric water circulation across the hemisphere can establish “water tower of the world” and its surrounding areas the unique hydrological function, which could provide a comprehensive description of physical picture about the TP’s “water tower of the world” and the land-sea-air water vapor circulation in global scale.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Glaciers, an important part of Asia’s water tower, are extremely sensitive to climate change. The study on the spatiotemporal pattern of the changes of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings in the context of global warming is helpful to identify the main water storage and supply areas of Asian Water Towers, which is of great significance for the rational planning and utilization of water resources. Through comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that the “Karakoram anomaly” might expand in different degrees to the Western Kunlun Mountains and the Pamirs, while the glaciers in the other parts of the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings were in an accelerated melting state recently. Moreover, we also illuminated the influences of the changes of the glaciers over the past 50 years and in different climate scenarios in the future on the basin water resources and sea level rise, and pointed out that the glacier observation and investigation should be carried out systematically, and a climate-ice-hydrological processes coupling model should be set up, in order to accurately assess the glacier melt water resources, which is an important basis for the green silk road construction.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The Tibetan Plateau is known as the “Asian Water Tower”. In the past 50 years, global warming has accelerated the water cycle over the Asian Water Tower. The current understanding on the key processes of water vapor transport over the Asian Water Tower and the behind mechanisms are reviewed in this paper, via the climatology, long-term trend, and interannual variability, respectively. This review further suggests that it is urgent to understand the tempo-spatial changes, mechanisms, and impact of water vapor transport processes over the Asian Water Tower. Therefore, future research should improve capabilities on observation, diagnosis, dynamical mechanism, detection and attribution, as well as numerical simulation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, also known as the Third Pole, is widely acknowledged as the Asian Water Tower. It holds glaciers with an area about 100 000 km2, and lakes with an area about 50 000 km2. It gives birth to more than ten big rivers in Asia including the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Yarlung Tsangpo, Indus, Ganges, Mekong, Amu Darya, Tarim River, etc. Its environmental changes affect water resources utilization in China and water securities in many nations involved in the Belt and Road initiative. The Asian Water Tower is undergoing dramatic changes characterized with unbalance in a warming climate. Accelerated glacier retreats, permafrost degradation, lake expansion, as well as increase of glacial melt to runoff are all related to the unbalance change of the Asian Water Tower. These have put the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions at risk and caused many water-related hazards such as glacier collapse. Asian Water Tower change would even be amplified through the atmosphere and hydrosphere to affect global climate and water cycle, thus coupling and interacting with changes on the Arctic and Antarctica. The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program (STEP) and Pan-Third Pole Environment study for a Green Silk Road program (Pan-TPE) will focus on the study of Asian Water Tower change and its local to regional impacts in the past half century, conduct comprehensive field expeditions and research, and advise on science policy to confront Asian Water Tower change and impacts. The ultimate goal of the STEP and Pan-TPE is to provide scientific advice to China and nations around on water resources regulations and sustainable development, thus serving global ecological environment and a community with a shared future for mankind.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The sustainable development of cities is the key to achieving the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There have been numbers of studies on urban sustainable development assessment, but the existing indicators are usually based on traditional statistical data, which makes urban sustainable development assessment limited in global city assessment and comparison. Big Earth Data can overcome the problems of traditional data statistics such as inconsistent statistical caliber, incomplete statistical information, and difficulty in obtaining data. With its macroscopic, dynamic, and diverse advantages, it can provide new assistance for urban sustainable development assessment. Based on the research on sustainable development of cities worldwide, this study sorts out the SDG 11 and other goals related to urban sustainability, and discusses the possibility of Big Earth Data, such as remote sensing data and the Internet big data, in the urban sustainable development evaluation. This study hopes to provide a scientific reference for the sustainable development of cities. The sustainability indicators using the Big Earth Data has realized the integration and utilization of multi-source information, which will help to achieve more quantitative, real-time, and detailed evaluation for urban sustainability.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The unique and extreme ecological environment of cryosphere acts as a gigantic reservoir of microorganisms, which preserves precious records of the diversity and evolutionary history of ancient microbes. Climate change and human activities have made significant impacts on the ecological system. Global warming causes melting of the cryosphere that remained frozen for thousands of years and releases microorganisms, some of them are recovered to life and constitute a potential threat to the ecological environment and human health. It is urgent to combine multidisciplinary research forces to investigate the microbial ecology of cryosphere, analyze the microbe pathogenesis and transmission mechanisms, as well as evaluate the biosecurity risks caused by the reboot of dormant microorganisms.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Ice core is an important carrier of the past climatic and environmental change information. In this paper, we firstly introduced how ice cores record past climatic and environmental changes. Then, we elaborated the achievements of ice core research in the past climate change, levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and human activities. Thirdly, the role of ice core research in promoting relevant environmental policy making was stated, such as the ban on Pb additives in gasoline and greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. And finally, it was suggested that the state should establish a National Ice Core Facility to drill and store the ice cores from the Three Poles (Antarctic, Arctic, and the Third Pole) to serve the future scientific research and national development.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Cryospheric chemistry is a new discipline and one of important branch of cryospheric science. Pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities have greatly altered the status of chemical components in the cryospheric environment since the Industrial Revolution. When this scenario is coupled with the rapid shrinkage of cryosphere under global warming, both anthropogenic activity and global warming have cooperatively influenced the biogeochemical cycling in the cryosphere and even on a global scale, which results in significant effects on climate and environment. In this paper, firstly, the role of cryospheric chemistry in the cryospheric science is introduced, and the discipline framework and research focuses of cryospheric chemistry are summarized. Secondly, the coupling relationship among cryospheric chemistry and climate/environmental changes, and anthropogenic activities, with emphasis on this relationship in the research field of global change, was exemplified. Lastly, we summarize a review and prospect of hot topics in the current research of cryospheric chemistry. The rapid development of cryospheric chemistry will provide important scientific and technological support for tackling the climate and environmental issues that challenge human survival and development.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The cryosphere is one of the five major spheres of the climate system. It plays an important role in the earth system with its huge fresh water reserves, latent heat of phase transitions, greenhouse gases, and unique species and cultural structures. The formation, change mechanism, and process of cryosphere; the interactions with atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere; the influences and adaptations of cryosphere change; the service functions for regional and global economy and society all together have rapidly developed into a new interdisciplinary discipline, which is called Cryosphere Science. Being consistent with the directions advocated by the “Future Earth” and the “Earth Commission”, the establishment and development of the scientific system of the Cryosphere Science is internationally forward looking.
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2018-09-03 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：以克里雅流域上游河水为研究对象，收集克里雅站2004—2013年及部分20世纪90年代以前水文数据，结合气温、降水等资料，使用多元相关统计方法和水化学图示法等进行综合分析，揭示克里雅河河水的离子化学组成和变化特征，并探讨其影响因素。结果显示：① 克里雅河河水矿化度变化在203~1 081 mg·L-1，平均值518 mg·L-1，相对世界河流平均水平偏高；② 河水阳离子Na++K+含量最高，主要阳离子浓度依次为（Na++K+）>Ca2+>Mg2+，河水阴离子以HCO3-为主，主要阴离子浓度依次为HCO3-＞SO42-＞Cl-；③ 夏季河水离子浓度受流量控制最为明显，即流量越大（小），矿化度越小（大）；丰水期克里雅河河水以地表径流补给为主，枯水期河水几乎全部来自地下水，由于不同时期汇流路径的不同，河水离子浓度出现随流量的年内变化；④ 河水离子主要来源于岩石风化，其中蒸发岩的风化影响最大。
Subjects: Management Science >> Science ology and Management submitted time 2018-01-11 Cooperative journals: 《智库理论与实践》
Abstract：[目的/意义]“一带一路”倡议旨在为全球经济打通“任督二脉”，促进全球经济共同、包容、强劲、可持续发展。中国提出的这一宏大国际合作计划所面临的风险和挑战是空前的。除了要防范沿线各国的政治和社会风险之外，还必须有效应对气候变化、自然灾害、传染病、环境污染、生态退化、水与能源资源短缺等各种挑战。如何有效应对这些挑战，对于“一带一路”建设的成败至关重要。[方法/过程]本文分析了“中巴经济走廊”建设所面临的挑战及科技创新在其中所起的作用。 [结果/结论]科技创新在“一带一路”建设中扮演十分关键的角色，发挥不可或缺的引领、支撑和保障作用。
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2017-02-10 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract：西藏是青藏高原的主体，地球第三极的核心，地理环境十分特殊，全球生态地位极为重要。2009年2月18日，国务院第50次常务会议审议并通过了《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划（2008-2030年）》，提出用近5个“五年规划”期的时间，投入资金155亿元，实施保护类、建设类和支撑保障类三大类10项工程，基本建成国家生态安全屏障。截至2015年，一期工程顺利实施完成。根据中科院与西藏自治区科技合作座谈会精神，在中科院“西部行动”计划和“战略性先导科技专项”支持下，完成了西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设一期工程成效评估。结果表明，一期工程进展顺利，完成了阶段目标；高寒生态系统结构整体稳定，生态格局变化率低于0.15%；生态系统服务稳中略增，增幅3%-5%。但西藏生态环境脆弱，筑牢屏障任务依然艰巨。
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