• 2000—2020 年中亚大型湖泊湖冰物候时空变化

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2024-05-20 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:湖冰物候变化特征是区域气候变化的敏感指示器之一。近几十年来,由于全球变暖和人为活动的影响,中亚地区的气候发生了显著变化,准确监测湖冰物候对于了解中亚地区气候变化具有重要的科学意义。通过对中亚地区7个大型湖泊(卡拉库尔湖、巴尔喀什湖、咸海、阿拉湖、斋桑泊、查蒂尔-科尔湖以及马卡科尔湖,面积>100 km2)2000—2020年的长期地表反射率数据、气象数据以及湖泊资料的综合分析,利用GIS相关技术探讨其湖冰物候特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)中亚地区的湖泊在9月中旬至11月上旬期间开始结冰,11月底到12月底会完全封冻,湖泊平均冻结时间为35 d;湖冰在3月底至5月中开始消融,4月上至6月上会完全消融,湖泊平均消融时间为18 d。(2)2000—2020年中亚7个湖泊中有5个湖泊开始冻结日期呈现延后的趋势,平均延后速率为4.86 d·(10a)-1,巴尔喀什湖开始冻结日期呈现提前趋势,提前率为1.44 d·(10a)-1。完全消融日期呈现提前的趋势,平均提前率为2.90 d·(10a)-1。7个湖泊的平均湖冰存在期为171 d,其中有4个湖泊湖冰存在期呈缩短趋势,完全冻结期呈现整体缩短趋势,其中巴尔喀什湖缩短最明显,缩短速率为9.02 d·(10a)-1。(3)中亚7个湖泊湖冰的冻结-消融空间模式主要分为两类:湖水从两岸向湖心逐渐冻结,消融时从湖岸到对岸;湖水自湖岸冻结至对岸,越先冻结的湖区越先消融。(4)中亚地区湖泊湖冰物候变化受到湖泊本身(海拔和面积)和气候(气温和降水量)等多个因素的影响,气温是影响湖冰物候的关键因素,气温越高,湖冰存在期越短;面积主要影响湖泊的冻结日期,面积越大,湖泊的湖冰存在期越短;湖冰物候也表现出一定的海拔依赖性,随着海拔的升高,湖泊的湖冰存在期越长。

  • 近60 a天山北坡冰川变化研究

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2023-08-01 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:从流域尺度揭示天山北坡冰川变化状况,对下游绿洲地区水资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。基于多源遥感影像提取天山北坡诸河流域近期冰川边界,结合前期发布的冰川编目及ASTER DEM数据,对该区域冰川面积和物质平衡变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1) 2015年前后天山北坡共计分布冰川10061条,总面积约4855.85245.86 km2。1960s2015年天山北坡国内段冰川面积萎缩速率为0.52%a-10.06%a-1,且近年来呈加速萎缩趋势(0.96%a-10.88%a-1);19992015年天山北坡国外段冰川面积萎缩速率约为0.56%a-10.31%a-1。(2) 20002020年天山北坡冰川表面高程变化速率约为-0.570.01 ma-1,冰川物质呈持续亏损态,物质平衡为-0.390.04 m w.e.a-1。(3) 天山北坡东、西段冰川面积和物质平衡变化均存在一定的空间差异性,近十几年间,东段各子流域冰川面积萎缩速率和物质亏损速率均相对较大。

  • 基于MGWR模型的黄河流域GPM卫星降水数据降尺度研究

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2023-08-01 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:黄河流域地域广阔,但气象站点分布较少,导致气象资料短缺。卫星降水可以作为气象站点观测的重要补充,但其空间分辨率有限,导致其在区域研究中作用有限。以黄河流域作为研究区域,针对全球降水观测计划(GPM)卫星降水产品,以2002、2012年和2020年降水数据作为干旱年、标准年以及湿润年3个典型气候年份,在综合考虑归一化植被指数(NDVI)、数字高程模型(DEM)、坡度(Slope)、地表温度(LST)和风速(WDS)多种反映降水量空间分布特征的影响因子及其空间非平稳性特征的基础上,采用地理加权回归(GWR)模型、混合地理加权回归(MGWR)模型2种降尺度方法,得到了黄河流域1 km空间分辨率的降尺度降水数据,并进一步通过地面气象站点数据对降尺度结果进行验证。结果表明:(1) GPM年降水数据与地面气象站点观测数据在2002、2012年和2020年的黄河流域地区具有较高的相关性。(2) 经MGWR模型降尺度的降水数据空间分辨率得到了显著提高,且在降水变化的空间细节表达方面较GWR模型更优。(3) 在3个典型气候年份中,MGWR模型在降水量标准年中相对于GWR模型具有更高的准确性。研究结果能够为相关区域范围的降水降尺度研究提供宏观参考与借鉴,促进区域气候水文研究。

  • Spatiotemporal Pattern, Trend, and Influence of Glacier Change in Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings under Global Warming

    Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》

    Abstract: Glaciers, an important part of Asia’s water tower, are extremely sensitive to climate change. The study on the spatiotemporal pattern of the changes of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings in the context of global warming is helpful to identify the main water storage and supply areas of Asian Water Towers, which is of great significance for the rational planning and utilization of water resources. Through comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that the “Karakoram anomaly” might expand in different degrees to the Western Kunlun Mountains and the Pamirs, while the glaciers in the other parts of the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings were in an accelerated melting state recently. Moreover, we also illuminated the influences of the changes of the glaciers over the past 50 years and in different climate scenarios in the future on the basin water resources and sea level rise, and pointed out that the glacier observation and investigation should be carried out systematically, and a climate-ice-hydrological processes coupling model should be set up, in order to accurately assess the glacier melt water resources, which is an important basis for the green silk road construction.

  • Study on Climatic and Environmental Changes Recorded in Ice Cores: From Science to Policy

    Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》

    Abstract: Ice core is an important carrier of the past climatic and environmental change information. In this paper, we firstly introduced how ice cores record past climatic and environmental changes. Then, we elaborated the achievements of ice core research in the past climate change, levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and human activities. Thirdly, the role of ice core research in promoting relevant environmental policy making was stated, such as the ban on Pb additives in gasoline and greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. And finally, it was suggested that the state should establish a National Ice Core Facility to drill and store the ice cores from the Three Poles (Antarctic, Arctic, and the Third Pole) to serve the future scientific research and national development.

  • Cryospheric Hydrology: Decode the Largest Freshwater Reservoir on Earth

    Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》

    Abstract: The cryosphere is solid reservoir, and the meltwater of cryosphere affects hydrology, water resource, and water cycles in the watershed, regional, even global scale. The article reviewed on the current research results on the hydrological function, hydrological processes of meltwater and runoff and their effect, the impact on ecosystem and environment of cryosphere from hydrology view. The hydrological function mainly includes the water conservation, runoff supply, and regulation on water resource. The hydrological processes have significantly changed under the background of climate change, the onset of glacier melting period starts earlier and the volume of melting water has increased, and the snow melting period starts earlier, the permafrost degradation has led to winter runoff increasing, which increases the regulation function of watershed runoff. The projected glacier meltwater will continuingly decrease under the future climate change, which will bring greater challenge on the water resource management of Northwest China. The changes in hydrological process of cryosphere also have important impact on the ecosystem and ecological engineering, flood hazard and sustainability, and geopolitics in cold regions.

  • Response divergence of radial growth to climate change in earlywood and latewood of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Atmospheric Sciences submitted time 2022-12-20 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》

    Abstract:

    Based on the annual ring cores of Larix principis- rupprechtii collected from three altitudes of Luya Mountain, the residual chronology of earlywood and latewood tree rings was established. Using the method of tree ring climatology and taking 1984/1985 as the boundary, heterogeneity characteristics of radial growth of earlywood and latewood of L. principis-rupprechtii at different altitudes in response to climate factors in 1957- 1984 and 1985-2020 were discussed. The results showed that the following: (1) the radial growth changes of earlywood and latewood were difficult to fit the climate warming trend in the study area from 1957 to 2020, and the response to temperature is separated. (2) From 1957 to 1984, no significant correlation existed between low altitude and climate factors in the growth of earlywood. Precipitation during the growing season, which had a significant positive correlation with precipitation in March and negative correlation in June, had an obvious restrictive effect on the growth of earlywood at medium and high altitudes. The precipitation factors in the growing season from 1985 to 2020 had a significant positive correlation with precipitation in April and had an influence on the growth of earlywood at a low altitude, thereby enhancing it. The growth of earlywood at medium and high altitudes was mainly affected by precipitation in January, and the restrictive effect on the growth and development of earlywood at medium and high altitudes was weakened. (3) Nutrient accumulation before growth is very important for latewood growth of L. principis- rupprechtii: from 1957 to 1984. The chronology of latewood width at three altitudes showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation in May. From 1985 to 2020, the radial growth of tree latewood was limited by the comprehensive factors of temperature and precipitation before growth in November of the previous year and January, March, and May of the current year. (4) In two different time periods, the change of the pattern of earlywood growth at a low altitude may have been caused by drought stress, which was caused by increased temperatures. The difference in the growth patterns of earlywood at medium and high altitudes was most likely due to the fact that the increased temperature alleviated the inhibitory effect of low temperature on the growth of earlywood at medium and high altitudes. With global warming, there are different response characteristics and response modes of earlywood and latewood of L. principis-rupprechtii of three altitudes of Luya Mountain to climate factors in two time periods. There is a certain “response divergence”phenomenon with the response of climate factors that should be considered concerning future climate reconstruction in this area

  • 全球降雨计划GSMaP与IMERG卫星降雨 产品在陕西地区的精度评估

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Atmospheric Sciences submitted time 2022-01-21 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:以中国气象局提供的地面降雨观测资料为参考,利用相关系数、均方根误差和相对偏差,降雨误报率、命中率和关键成功指数等6种不同的统计分析指标,从年、季、月、日4种不同的时间尺度对两种高分辨率卫星降雨产品(IMERG和GSMaP)在陕西省的精度进行了对比和评价,并对二者在监测强降雨过程中的表现进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)在年尺度上,GSMaP的数据精度高于IMERG。GSMaP和站点观测数据高度相关,而IMERG和站点观测数据中度相关;GSMaP高估了年尺度的降雨,而IMERG低估了年尺度的降雨。(2)在季节尺度上,两种数据均在夏季的精度最高,总体上,IMERG在季节尺度的精度亦高于GSMaP。(3)在月尺度上,两种产品与地面观测数据均呈现较高的相关性,而且均存在一定程度的高估,但IMERG比GSMaP更具有相对较高的精度。(4)在日尺度上,GSMaP的数据精度略高于IMERG。(5)卫星降雨产品的数据精度与降雨量有关,总体表现为雨量小时高估、雨量大时低估。(6)卫星降雨产品数据精度呈现了明显的地域差异,GSMaP对陕西省的降雨总体表现为低估,其中对陕北的低估最为明显;IMERG对关中有轻微高估,对陕北和陕南则存在明显低估。(7)通过对4场次强降雨事件的分析发现,GSMaP对大雨及以上强降雨事件的监测能力比IMERG略强。研究结果可以为该地区的气象水文研究在选择和使用降雨数据资料时提供参考。

  • 基于树轮宽度的太白山地区春季干湿变化重建

    Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-11-20 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:秦岭为我国气候分界线和南水北调中线重要水源地,太白山为其最高峰,了解太白山区域的 过去干湿变化特征对气候变化机制研究和未来水资源持续利用具有重要意义。基于秦岭太白山地区太白红杉树木年轮资料及其附近的宝鸡、眉县气象站1959—2016年气象数据进行分析,重建了1852—2016年春季(3~5月)SPEI值,分析了近165 a太白山春季干湿变化特征及其与大尺度环流变化关系。结果表明:(1)太白山地区太白红杉径向生长主要受春季气候限制;与春季SPEI值相关性最高,达到-0.72(P<0.01),重建方程方差解释量为51.8%(调整自由度后为51.0%)。(2)重建结果表明,近165 a来,有29 a春季为湿润年份,有23 a春季为干旱年份,分别占比为17.58%和13.94%。极端干旱年份为1892年、1929年、1945年和2006年,极端湿润年份为1881年、1921年和1990年,其中1892年(-1.73)和1881年(1.53)分别为最干旱和最湿润的年份。(3)重建结果得到了周边地区干湿变化重建结果和历史文献灾害记载的验证;太白山地区干湿变化可以准确表征大区域干湿变化且存在2.5 a、3.1 a、3.8 a和8.4 a周期变化。太白山地区SPEI与赤道东太平洋海面温度成负相关以及与赤道西太平洋海面温度呈正相关,其干湿变化可能与ENSO活动有关。

  • 陕西省景观生态脆弱性时空演变及其影响因素

    Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-04-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》

    Abstract:以陕西省为研究区,基于景观格局和景观功能2个方面构建景观生态脆弱性模型,分析省域及内部自然单元分区2个层面景观生态脆弱性时空演变,并运用地理探测器方法探究景观生态脆弱性多尺度驱动机制。结果表明:① 2000—2015年陕西省景观格局脆弱性指数分别是0.477 3和0.409 7,降低了6.76%,在空间上高值区分布于北部及中部,低值区分布于中部两侧;景观功能脆弱性指数分别是0.492 6和0.417 4,降低了7.52%,高值区集中于北部和中部,低值区呈零星分布的空间布局。② 研究期间陕西省景观生态脆弱性指数分别为0.427 5和0.369 7,减少了5.78%,呈现出南北方向高低交错的空间布局,且内部分区之间有明显分区过渡表现。其中,黄土高原区脆弱性降低8.55%;关中盆地区脆弱性降低3.81%;秦巴山地区脆弱性降低1.20%。③ 全省及内部分区生态脆弱性的影响因素因地理尺度的差异而不同,自然环境因素对脆弱性变化起重要作用,而社会经济因素呈不断增强态势。本文提出的景观生态脆弱性评价方法可为生态脆弱性评估提供方法参考。

  • 作物生产潜力变化的区域差异[HT3H]——以陕西省为例

    Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2019-06-14 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract:作物生产潜力变化具有明显的区域差异性,亟需针对不同地理单元实施有效应对措施和调控策略。选择陕西省三大地理单元(陕北高原、关中盆地和秦巴山区)为研究对象,运用全球生态区模型(GAEZ)分析了陕西省不同地理单元作物生产潜力变化趋势,探讨了不同作物生产潜力变化的区域差异,辨识出影响不同作物生产潜力变化的主要因素,结果显示:(1) 1980—2015年间,陕西省玉米生产潜力总量增加了150.55×104 t,小麦生产潜力总量则下降了402.69×104 t。(2) 关中盆地的玉米和小麦生产潜力皆最大,陕北高原次之,秦巴山区的玉米和小麦生产潜力皆最小;陕北高原和秦巴山区的玉米生产潜力皆表现出先增加后减小再增加的变化趋势,关中盆地的玉米生产潜力则先减小后增加再减小;关中盆地和秦巴山区的小麦生产潜力都呈下降趋势,陕北高原的小麦生产潜力则有所提高。(3) 土地利用变化呈现减产效应,这一效应在关中盆地尤为显著,其次为陕北高原;气候变化导致玉米生产潜力增加,使小麦生产潜力下降;气候变化对不同地理单元的影响也不相同,在陕北高原表现为增产效应,在关中盆地和秦巴山区则为减产效应。(4) 在陕北高原,气候变化的增产效应是玉米和小麦生产潜力提高的主要原因,气候变化对玉米生产潜力的影响大于对小麦的影响,耕地向草地、林地和建设用地的转化是降低作物生产潜力最主要的土地利用变化因素;在关中盆地,作物生产潜力的变化主要是受气候变化的影响,小麦受气候变化的影响较玉米为大,以建设用地占用耕地为特征的土地利用变化对玉米生产潜力的影响大于对小麦的影响;在秦巴山区,土地利用变化是玉米生产潜力变化的主要原因,而小麦生产潜力的变化主要受气候变化影响。

  • “一带一路”地区滑坡灾害风险评估

    Subjects: Geosciences >> Atmospheric Sciences submitted time 2018-11-13 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》

    Abstract: “一带一路”倡议是中国参与全球治理的重要切入点,对“一带一路”地区滑坡灾害风险评估与区划,可为沿线国家和地区的防灾减灾提供依据。首先本文选取坡度和地形起伏度两个指标,提取研究区滑坡灾害安全区域。其次,采用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)确定滑坡灾害风险评估体系并计算各因子综合权重,基于滑坡灾害风险评估模型定量评估“一带一路”地区滑坡灾害危险性、损失和风险。最后,运用滑坡灾害点和近百年“一带一路”地区滑坡灾害致死人数和经济损失空间分布分别验证评估的滑坡灾害危险性和损失。研究结果表明:(1)滑坡灾害安全区域主要分布在平原、盆地和沙漠等地区,仅有4.7%(56个)的滑坡灾害点分布在安全区域内,提取结果较为合理;(2)“一带一路”地区容易诱发滑坡灾害的条件为:坡度25~45,地形起伏度大于900m,距河网的距离小于500m,多年平均降雨量介于400~800mm,地震密度3×10-4~2×10-3个•km-2,工程地质岩组为中等硬质岩体、软质岩和土质岩体。非安全区域中,滑坡灾害以中、低危险性为主,危险性评估结果精度AUC值为0.823;(3)“一带一路” 地区容易造成潜在损失的滑坡灾害承灾体条件为:人口密度为80~160人•km-2,公路线密度为2×10-1~9×10-1 km•km-2,夜间灯光指数为20~60。非安全区域中,滑坡灾害潜在损失普遍较低,损失区划结果与近百年滑坡灾害致死人数和经济损失空间分布具有很好的一致性;(4)“一带一路”非安全区域,滑坡灾害极低、低、中等、高和极高风险区面积所占比例分别为44.7%、25.5%、15.3%、10.3%、4.2%,以极低和低风险为主。