Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The archives resources of field stations of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) are important basic scientific and technological resources of the country. In the new era, China has put forward new requirements for the work of scientific research archives. The open sharing and network construction of field stations pose new challenges to the archives management of field stations. In order to deal with the new problems of field station archives management, based on the investigation of the data, documents, and archives management of 137 field stations and 50 supporting affiliations of CAS, this paper analyzes the current situation and problems of field station archives management, and explores the suggestions for improvement. This paper has certain practical and guiding significance for improving the archives management level of CAS field stations, enriching the content of scientific research archives, and building a basic science and technology resource system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The marine area is a strategic area of China. To build China into a strong maritime country, we should enhance the capacity for exploiting marine resources, develop the maritime economy, protect the marine ecological environment, and resolutely safeguard national maritime rights and interests. Promoting marine science and technology to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the construction of maritime country. The marine scientific observation and exploration is the basic means of understanding the ocean, and is also an important basis for the marine resources development, environmental protection and rights and interests protection. This paper reviews the important progresses of global and national ocean observation and exploration program and network, with a view to highlight the practice of ocean scientific observation and exploration technology system construction in Chinese Academy of Sciences, and puts forward thoughts and suggestions on next steps. To build up China’s strength in ocean scientific observation and exploration technology system, we should further strengthen the top-level design to drive the “twin engines” of national strategic needs and frontier trends in science and technology, redouble efforts on developing scientific and technological breakthroughs to make continued efforts to solve the most urgent key problems, and innovate improve institutions and mechanisms to make full use of China’s strategic science and technology capabilities in the marine field, so as to provide strong scientific and technological support for the construction of China as a maritime power.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Scientific and technological innovation plays key supporting and leading roles to achieve “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals (referred to as “dual carbon”). It is necessary to make sustained efforts in the three aspects, namely energy structure adjustment, energy consumption, and carbon sequestration, and build a novel multi-energy-integrated energy production and utilization system based on hydrogen energy, energy storage, and methanol, in which the main lines are clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy, large-scale utilization and complementation of clean energy, low-carbon reconstruction of industrial processes, and intelligent multi-energy integration of building and transportation. In 2022, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the scientific and technological action plan to support dual carbon goals. By implementing eight major actions including strategic research, cross-innovation of basic frontiers, breakthroughs in key technologies, comprehensive demonstration of new technologies and other scientific and technological innovation, deploying talent team building, international cooperation, improvement of innovation system capabilities, and popular science and dissemination actions, the action plan is to provide vigorous scientific and technological support for China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic communicable disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has harassed the human being for long-term and remains to be one of the major public health problems facing the world as well as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. We are falling short of TB control targets set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN). To achieve the ambitious targets of global TB prevention and control, there is an urgent need for immediate action as well as science and technology breakthroughs (e.g., a new vaccine and drug) to rapidly reduce TB incidence worldwide. This study summarizes the current progress on global and China’s TB prevention and control, and analyzes the contribution of science and technology in TB prevention and control. Based on the above analysis, we propose the following thought and advice on strengthening TB prevention and control through science and technology: Strengthening the basic research of TB, developing new TB vaccines and drugs, developing new diagnostic techniques for TB, and perfecting the system to support and strengthen the safeguard measures. The purpose of this study is to promote the policy layout and practice innovation of scientific prevention and control of TB in China, thus speeding up the realization of goals set by the WHO End TB Strategy.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area are the three largest urban agglomerations in China, and have been increasingly becoming the core engines of China’s economic growth. Nevertheless, rapid regional urbanization accompanying high-intensity human activities has also brought enormous social and environmental pressure in these urban agglomerations, posing a grand challenge to urban and regional sustainability. This study conducts a cross-urban agglomeration comparison of the ecological and environmental changes over the past two decades. Using a combination of remotely sensed data, in-situ monitoring data, and environmental statistic data, the changes in four dimensions are quantified, namely ecological quality, environmental quality, resource and energy use efficiency, and eco-environmental governance capacity. Further, the effectiveness of environmental policies and initiatives is evaluated at the national and urban agglomeration levels. It is found that the quality of ecological land has increased steadily since 2000, with increased provision of ecosystem services. Air quality and water quality have been substantially improved, and the use of resources and energy efficiency have been greatly improved. The pollution emissions per unit GDP have been greatly reduced. The ecological and environmental infrastructures have become increasingly available, along with gradually strengthened governance capacity on environmental protection and ecological restoration. The National 10th to 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection played a significant role in environmental protection and ecological restoration across mega urban agglomerations. The environmental challenges, of urban agglomerations faced now and in the future, are also discussed, so as to the policies and actions that need to be addressed.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The arid region of Northwest China is one of the driest regions in the world and is characterized with severe water scarcity.Water shortage is the most critical natural factor limiting the high-quality economic and social development and ecological security in the arid region of Northwest China. Based on the long-term monitoring data from the field stations of Chinese Academy of Sciences, observation data of meteorological stations, water resources bulletin and the remote sensing data, this study systematically analyzes the basic characteristics of water resources and ecological environment in the arid region of Northwest China, assesses the changing trends of hydrological elements, water resources, and ecological environment. Besides, this study analyzes the changes of water resources carrying capacity in terms of water use structure and water resources utilization efficiency, and puts forward some suggestions on sustainable water resources utilization and ecological and environmental protection. The results show that the temperature in the arid region of Northwest China has increased at a rate of 0.32℃/decade and precipitation has increased at a rate of 9.32 mm/decade. The glaciers are shrinking at accelerating rate and the runoff supplied by glacier/snow meltwater has increased. The amount of water resources has increased by about 11 billion m3 since the mid-1990s. In the past decade, water use efficiency has been improved, water-saving irrigation area has been expanded, and agricultural water production efficiency has been improved due to water conservation and utilization measures. Water environment capacity has been increased, water carrying capacity has been enhanced, surface water area has been expanded, and the ecosystem condition has improved. However, water resources problems are still prominent in the arid region of Northwest China, the intensity of extreme climate and hydrological events has increased, and the ecological environment is still fragile. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the water resources potential of this region, improve the water resources management, and enhance ecological protection and restoration efforts for better adaptation to the possible risks of climate change, so as to provide scientific and technological support for promoting the construction of the “Green Silk Road” and realizing high-quality regional economic and social development.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： China is a large mountainous country in the world, where the mountainous area is about two-thirds of the land area. In the past ten years, the coverage rate of mountain forest and grass vegetation has increased by 8.2%, the average value of mountain green coverage index has reached 82.1%, and vegetation coverage has reached the highest value since the founding of the People’s Republic of China; The area of water and soil erosion has decreased by 275 000 square kilometers, and the annual soil erosion in mountainous areas has decreased by 27%. At present, the backbone system of mountain ecological security barrier in China has basically formed, and an efficient mountain disaster prevention and control system has been continuously improved, remarkable results have been achieved in mountain disaster reduction. At the same time, a historic accomplishment has been achieved in poverty alleviation of mountainous areas, the industrial structure in mountainous areas has been significantly optimized, and the modernization process has steadily advanced.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Wetland provides various ecological functions, and wetland protection and restoration directly affect national security, sustainability of economy and society, as well as human well-being. This study has systematically summarized the current status of wetland resource and the achievement of wetland protection in China, and the conclusions will provide scientific support for the policy making in wetland protection and management. The area of wetland in China was 41.2�104km2 based on remote sensing monitoring in 2020, which lead the first in Asia. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the area of wetland has showed a recovery trend, the function in ensuring water security has enhanced, remarkable success has achieved in wetland biodiversity protection, a great potential in carbon sink function has been observed, the rational use of wetland has been continuously innovated, and the protection system is gradually completed, and the restoration system is formed. For the purposes of developing the wetland protection under current new period, we propose to implement strategic action of wetland protection to meet the national demand, to improve the basic theory and discipline system of wetland science, to innovate and improve the wetland protection and restoration technologies as well as the engineering measures, and to strengthen the building of highland of talent in wetland research and the think-tanks of wetland management.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Lakes (including artificial reservoirs) are important surface water resources, and they are also an important part of the earth surface system consisting of “mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, grassland and desert”. Based on the lake survey data and long-term monitoring data collected by the Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as other institutions, this paper systematically analyzed the overall status and long-term trends of the ecological and environmental changes of natural and artificial lakes in China, focused on the ecological and environmental status and changes of typical lakes in the five major lake zones in China and highlighted the protection effects and challenges facing the ecological environment of lakes in China. In the meantime, countermeasures and suggestions for policy-makers and are proposed to promote the protection and restoration of the ecology and environment of lakes in China, and to ensure the water safety and sustainable development of lakes and river basins.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： It is well understood among industries that biological resources are the strategic resources of the nation. The increase in the magnitude of the data generated by the arrival of the omniscience era will promote the transformation of life science research into a new paradigm of “data-intensive science”. Therefore, the big data of biological resources has become a national strategic resource as well as the focus of international technology competition and strategic commanding heights. At present, to establish a national infrastructure for biological resources is urgently needed. This infrastructure incorporates a technical system that supports the conservation, utilization, development, mining and sustainable use of biological resources and an integrated data system which can effectively manage, analyze and use massive data. These services will contribute greatly to support the scientific discovery and industrial innovation development in the frontier of biological resources of our nation. Biological resources information platform has cooperated with Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-BRP) to form a complete data system including data management specifications, data collection platform, data portal and data visualization system, which effectively motivate the integration, sharing, mining and utilization of strategic biological resources data of CAS. The data system covers 6 981 465 data of material resources including botanical gardens, biological specimen, biological genetic resources, laboratory animals resouces and biodiversity observation and research network from 42 research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All resources can be shared through the data portal www.casbrc.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Laboratory animals are important basic supporting conditions for life science and medical research in China. The construction and the scientific and technological innovation of laboratory animals have greatly promoted the development of life science and the construction of Healthy China Initiative. Upon analyzing the developmental status of laboratory animal resource construction internationally and domestically, this article elaborated major issues such as animal resources, laws, ethics, and integrated databases and proposed specific goals and suggestions for the construction of laboratory animal resources in China until 2035. The article hopes to make significant contributions to support the China’s life science and medical research by further strengthening the development of laboratory animal resources in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biological resources are strategic resources to support the sustainable development of national economy and guarantee people’s health. They are also the momentous cornerstone of the development of life science, and the hotspot of international layout and competition. Developed countries have attached importance to the collection, preservation and utilization of biological resources. As one of the most species-rich countries in the world, Chinese government has drew out effective measure to support development of strategic biological resources. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has established the Biological Resources Programme, CAS (BRPCAS) by integrating Botanical Gardens, Biological Specimen Collections, Laboratory Animal Resources, Biological Genetic Resource Banks and China Biodiversity Observation and Research Network, CAS aims at enhancing the comprehensive ability of collection, preservation, evaluation, transformation and sustainable utilization of biological resources in China, and providing strong scientific and technological supports for the sustainable development of economy and society. Nevertheless, it is still noteworthy that due to the late initiation step in China, during the protection and utilization of biological resources, China still confronts various serious challenges, and the effective protection and sustainable utilization of strategic biological resources remain to be reinforced.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Poverty alleviation or mitigation through science and technology is one of the strategies implemented in China. Grassbased Livestock Husbandry aims to develop sustainable and profitable ruminant farming systems and is an attractive and effective countermeasure for poverty alleviation in grasslands of China. Our survey indicated that 152 counties in the grassland region are in poverty, representing 56.7% of the total 268 counties. Hence, grasslands are the regions where the “hard core” poverty populations reside. As a pilot initiative, Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched projects in the grasslands in the north and the moutain meadows in the south to couple forage cultivation and processing with husbandry of elite local livestock breeds by improving the efficiency of converters of feed to products, and the projects have substantially helped local people increase their household incomes. Nationwidely, the grassland occupies more than 40% of the total national land area, hence the sustainable development of grass-based livestock farming systems could play a central role and have great potential in poverty alleviation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： In the past 60 years, the highly-intensive and unreasonable farming of the black soil in Northeast China has brought a series of adverse consequences such as the reduction of organic matter, the serious imbalance of carbon and nitrogen, and the instability of microbiota, which seriously threaten China’s food security and agricultural sustainable development. The decrease of organic matter content in black soil is the core issue in the degradation of black soil. Organisms are the source of all organic matter, and the dynamic balance of organic matter driven by organisms is the basis for maintaining the stability of farmland ecosystem and soil quality. However, the limitation of hydrothermal resources in Northeast China makes it difficult to realize the transformation of organism-driven soil organic matter, which restricts the improvement of black soil quality and the development of conservation tillage technology. Recently, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the strategic priority program “Scientific and Technological Innovation Project for Black Soil Protection and Utilization (Black Soil Granary)”, and set up the key task of “modern biological technology for improving the productivity and quality of black soil”. Focusing on majorm scientific issues including the mechanism of soil organic matter dynamic balance driven by organisms such as green manure, and the biological mechanism of low-temperature decomposition of straw, the key task aims to develop revolutionary and disruptive biotechnologies to solve the bottleneck of transformation technology of black soil organic matter, hence to promote the benign balance of material circulations and ecological functions. This will provide important theoretical and key technical support for the improvement of productivity and quality of black soil.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Information technology is deeply penetrating into all walks of life. Through the acquisition of massive data, modeling and analysis in the information space, it has become an effective means to solve practical problems in the information society. At present, China is vigorously implementing black soil conservation projects. Aiming at the complex system protection engineering,it is necessary to rely on the strength of information technology to carry out problem modeling and algorithm solving in the process of black soil utilization and protection, and find the best protection way through simulation and emulation. Based on the analysis of the black land protection measures worldwide, the study puts forward the design idea of agricultural simulator based on the fifth paradigm from the perspective of intelligent technology, gives the organizational structure of the total factor agricultural simulator, and realizes the rapid operation and iteration of data flow through the intelligent OODA (observe, orient, decide, act) loop to continuously optimize the black soil protection technology. Finally, the study proposes the idea and framework of building agricultural simulator in the black land protection demonstration area, as well as the policy suggestions for the application and promotion of agricultural simulator in the process of black land protection.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The Science and Technology Innovation Project of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization (Black Soil Granary) is a Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), it is the core measure of the “Science and Technology (Sci-Tech) Campaign for Black Soil Granary” launched by CAS together with provinces and autonomous region of Northeast China, and also the core measures to implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series guiding principle relating to well utilize and protect the black soil in Northeast China. Better utilization and protection of black soil is crucially important to the national food security, and the program of Black Soil Granary aims to solve the key major scientific problems for black soil. According to the principles of question-oriented, led by innovation, and promoted by demonstration, the program will conduct key technological breakthroughs and demonstrating mature technologies following the specification of “purposeful, assessable, applicable, influential, popularizable, and continuable”. It is expected that, through the implementation of the Black Soil Granary program, Chinese Academy of Sciences can provide systematic resolutions for the better utilization and protection of black soil, and support national food security and modern agriculture development.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： “Scientific achievements are inseparable from spiritual support. The academic spirit is the precious wealth accumulated by researchers and engineers in long-term academic career.” In the 1980s, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) launched Huanghuaihai Innovation Campaign of agricultural science and technology for the reclamation of saline-alkali land. The Campaign successfully improve the overall production capacity in the North China Plain. The Huanghuaihai Spirit, emerged in this multidisciplinary and cross#2;field large-scale scientific and technological campaign, is not only the precious spiritual wealth of CAS, but also an important source of strength for achieving a substantial increase in grain production. In the new era, facing the higher requirements of the national food strategy and the paramount challenge of “protecting and making good use of the black soil”, we must further inherit and carry forward the Huanghuaihai Spirit, take a pragmatic and responsible attitude to solve problems of agricultural production, and build an intelligent agricultural technology system to support the sustainable development and use of black soil contribute to national food security, and promote rural revitalization.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： China enters into a new era with high demand for nutritional and healthy food, and hence needs to adjust the agricultural production system to balance cereal production and livestock farming. Between the years 2010-2019 the production of red meat and milk has fallen far behind the consumption demand, resulting in sourcing and import of large quantity of red meat and milk products from the international market. In comparison to the average consumption levels in Asia and global, China’s consumption will continue to grow in the future, presenting a great challenge to the goals of 85% self-sufficiency rate for beef and mutton and more than 70% for milk. The farming-pastoral ecotone (FPE) of northern China covers 655 thousand km2 and plays an essential role in livestock farming and enviromental protection. How to implement Grass-based Livestock Husbandry and achieve high quality sustainable development of this region is discussed. Four suggestions are proposed, namely, to take a top-down approach and make a national plan the development of Grass-based Livestock Husbandry in the region; to introduce genome-based breeding of forage crops by molecular modules; to strengthen the innovation in forage product processing technologies to improve the usage efficiency of forage raw materials; and to integrate livestock farming into the rural revitalization initiative for the establishment of featured towns and villages dominated by livestock industries.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Plant resources are the basis of human survival and development. Due to human and natural disturbance, plant diversity is facing a serious threat. Ex situ conservation is an important way to remove the threat. Botanical garden and germplasm bank are the main institutions of ex situ conservation. A total of 105 634 species of plants have been ex situ protected in the global botanical gardens, accounting for about 30% of the global total, and more than 40% of the threatened species have been protected. More than 3 million crop germplasm resources have been collected in more than 500 germplasm banks around the world. China’s botanical gardens ex situ protected more than 20000 native plants, accounting for about 60% of the total species; the National Crop Germplasm Bank and resource nurseries preserved more than 500000 germplasm resources. While strengthening plant conservation, ex situ plant protection institutions have carried out a lot of scientific research and resource utilization. In order to promote the ex situ conservation of plant diversity and green development, this study also reviewed the research progress of ex situ conservation of plants, and put forward some suggestions on strengthening ex situ conservation of plants in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biological diversity is the foundation for the survival and development of human beings. Biodiversity conservation in China has been of great concern to the central government, which has implemented a series of policies and action plans to promote the conservation of biodiversity and species restoration. However, the crisis of biodiversity loss at the global level remains serious due to human activities. Region-wide cooperations are required to strengthen the protection of global biodiversity. The paper systematically reviews the actions and achievements of biodiversity protection in China in recent years, as well as the work of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the field of biodiversity research, and puts forward suggestions for the future work of biodiversity conservation in China.
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