Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Abstract： G10.21-0.31 is a 70 $\mu$m-dark high-mass starless core ($M>300$ $\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ within $r<0.15$ pc) identified in $Spitzer$, $Herschel$, and APEX continuum surveys, and is believed to harbor the initial stages of high-mass star formation. We present ALMA and SMA observations to resolve the internal structure of this promising high-mass starless core. Sensitive high-resolution ALMA 1.3 mm dust continuum emission reveals three cores of mass ranging 11-18 $\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$, characterized by a turbulent fragmentation. Core 1, 2, and 3 represent a coherent evolution at three different evolutionary stages, characterized by outflows (CO, SiO), gas temperature ($\mathrm{H_2CO}$), and deuteration ($\mathrm{N_2D^+/N_2H^+}$). We confirm the potential to form high-mass stars in G10.21 and explore the evolution path of high-mass star formation. Yet, no high-mass prestellar core is present in G10.21. This suggests a dynamical star formation where cores grow in mass over time.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Feng-Wei Xu
Ke Wang
Tie Liu
Paul F. Goldsmith
Qizhou Zhang
Mika Juvela
Hong-Li Liu
Sheng-Li Qin
Guang-Xing Li
Anandmayee Tej
Guido Garay
Leonardo Bronfman
Shanghuo Li
Yue-Fang Wu
Gilberto C. Gómez
Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni
Ken'ichi Tatematsu
Zhiyuan Ren
Yong Zhang
L. Viktor Toth
Abstract： We present ALMA Band-3/7 observations towards "the Heart" of a massive hub-filament system (HFS) SDC335, to investigate its fragmentation and accretion. At a resolution of $\sim0.03$ pc, 3 mm continuum emission resolves two massive dense cores MM1 and MM2, with $383(^{+234}_{-120})$ $M_\odot$ (10-24% mass of "the Heart") and $74(^{+47}_{-24})$ $M_\odot$, respectively. With a resolution down to 0.01 pc, 0.87 mm continuum emission shows MM1 further fragments into six condensations and multi-transition lines of H$_2$CS provide temperature estimation. The relation between separation and mass of condensations at a scale of 0.01 pc favors turbulent Jeans fragmentation where the turbulence seems to be scale-free rather than scale-dependent. We use the H$^{13}$CO$^+$ (1-0) emission line to resolve the complex gas motion inside "the Heart" in position-position-velocity space. We identify four major gas streams connected to large-scale filaments, inheriting the anti-clockwise spiral pattern. Along these streams, gas feeds the central massive core MM1. Assuming an inclination angle of $45(\pm15)^{\circ}$ and a H$^{13}$CO$^+$ abundance of $5(\pm3)\times10^{-11}$, the total mass infall rate is estimated to be $2.40(\pm0.78)\times10^{-3}$ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, numerically consistent with the accretion rates derived from the clump-scale spherical infall model and the core-scale outflows. The consistency suggests a continuous, near steady-state, and efficient accretion from global collapse, therefore ensuring core feeding. Our comprehensive study of SDC335 showcases the detailed gas kinematics in a prototypical massive infalling clump and calls for further systematic and statistical analyses in a large sample.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Feng-Wei Xu
Ke Wang
Tie Liu
Paul F. Goldsmith
Qizhou Zhang
Mika Juvela
Hong-Li Liu
Sheng-Li Qin
Guang-Xing Li
Anandmayee Tej
Guido Garay
Leonardo Bronfman
Shanghuo Li
Yue-Fang Wu
Gilberto C. Gómez
Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni
Ken'ichi Tatematsu
Zhiyuan Ren
Yong Zhang
L. Viktor Toth
Abstract： We present ALMA Band-3/7 observations towards "the Heart" of a massive hub-filament system (HFS) SDC335, to investigate its fragmentation and accretion. At a resolution of $\sim0.03$ pc, 3 mm continuum emission resolves two massive dense cores MM1 and MM2, with $383(^{+234}_{-120})$ $M_\odot$ (10-24% mass of "the Heart") and $74(^{+47}_{-24})$ $M_\odot$, respectively. With a resolution down to 0.01 pc, 0.87 mm continuum emission shows MM1 further fragments into six condensations and multi-transition lines of H$_2$CS provide temperature estimation. The relation between separation and mass of condensations at a scale of 0.01 pc favors turbulent Jeans fragmentation where the turbulence seems to be scale-free rather than scale-dependent. We use the H$^{13}$CO$^+$ (1-0) emission line to resolve the complex gas motion inside "the Heart" in position-position-velocity space. We identify four major gas streams connected to large-scale filaments, inheriting the anti-clockwise spiral pattern. Along these streams, gas feeds the central massive core MM1. Assuming an inclination angle of $45(\pm15)^{\circ}$ and a H$^{13}$CO$^+$ abundance of $5(\pm3)\times10^{-11}$, the total mass infall rate is estimated to be $2.40(\pm0.78)\times10^{-3}$ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, numerically consistent with the accretion rates derived from the clump-scale spherical infall model and the core-scale outflows. The consistency suggests a continuous, near steady-state, and efficient accretion from global collapse, therefore ensuring core feeding. Our comprehensive study of SDC335 showcases the detailed gas kinematics in a prototypical massive infalling clump and calls for further systematic and statistical analyses in a large sample.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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