Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-08-06
Abstract： People commonly take preventive measures against potential dangers to achieve a sense of psychological security. Psychological security refers to the anticipation of potential physical or psychological threats and is a state of mind manifested through cognition, emotion, behavior, and physiological reactions. In recent years, research on psychological security has garnered significant attention in psychology, particularly concerning public health, organizational management, and social relations. However, its role in human development and its implications in evolutionary history have been under-explored. This paper, by examining the existing literature, delves into the understanding of psychological security from evolutionary, developmental, individual, and group perspectives. Specifically, genetic factors combined with personal experiences result in varied individual responses and coping mechanisms to stressful events. Between groups, the interplay of environment, culture, and genetics leads to differences in thought and behavior patterns, inducing group-level variances in psychological security. Interactions between individuals and groups are pivotal to shaping psychological security. Shared cultural symbols and collective memories provide a common framework for understanding one's environment, fostering cognitive psychological security. Meanwhile, positive group interactions and the resultant feelings of belonging and cohesion fortify emotional psychological security. This research explores psychological security comprehensively and discusses its relevance in various domains like intimate relationships, family education, organizational leadership, and emergency preparedness, aiming to bolster psychological well-being, enhance the overall quality of life and promote diversity and inclusion for the civil society.
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Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2023-03-10
Abstract： As a kind of prosocial behavior, helping behavior is universal across species. In recent years, it has become a new trend for scholars at home and abroad to use rodent models to explore the motivation of helping behavior. Empathy, relieving personal distress and desire for social contacts are considered to be plausible motivations for rodents to help, but debates about whether helping behavior is inspired by one of the motives or a combination of them still exist. In this study, in order to explore the motivation of helping behavior in rodents, the two-chamber experimental apparatus designed by Carvalheiro et al. (2019) was improved by adding an intermediate chamber to manipulate the possibility of the free rat's social contact with the entrapped rats after implementing the helping behavior as well as the possibility of the free rat's escaping from the helping context to relieve its personal distress in the process of helping decision-making. 108 male Sprague– Dawley rats were used as subjects in three experiments. The latency to open the door for helping the entrapped rat escape was recorded as the main outcome variable. Experiment 1 confirmed the existence of helping behavior and the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being unable to escape from the helping context, using a 2 (possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer condition: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that when social contact was allowed, the free rat maintained a consistently short latency to help, but when social contact was not allowed, the free rat’s latency to help became longer and longer as sessions went on until that the free rat no longer helped at all within the 15min session limit. Experiment 2 explored the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being able to escape from the helping context, using the same experimental design as Study 1 but keeping the door between the middle chamber and the dark chamber open. The results show that the existence of the dark chamber was beneficial for the non-social contact group to help continuously, but extended the latency to help in the social contact group, namely, relieving personal distress contributes to the emergence of helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact could be made. Experiment 3 explored the influence of previous social contact experience and current social contact possibility on helping behavior under the condition of the free rats’ having been trapped before, using a 2(possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 2 (previous social contact experience: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer conditions: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that previous experiences of being trapped did not affect helping behavior, but previous experiences of social contact were conducive to maintain continuous helping behavior in the non-social contact group. In summary, the following conclusions were obtained through this study: (1) Desires for social contact and the pursuit of interesting environment are important motivations for rodents’ helping behavior, regardless of the possibility to escape from the helping context. (2) Relieving personal distress can help sustain helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact can be carried out after helping. (3) Previous experiences of social contact rather than the experiences of having been trapped contribute to the occurrence of helping behavior. (4) Empathy may not the main reason to maintain helping behavior but rather can be used to describe the process of helping behavior. This study extends the comparative research on the motivation of helping behavior and provides some hints for the psychological development and educational practices in humans.
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Other Disciplines of Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science submitted time 2023-02-17 Cooperative journals: 《智慧农业（中英文）》
Abstract： The gait phase of dairy cows is an important indicator to reflect the severity of lameness. IThe accuracy of available gait segmentation methods was not enough for lameness detection. In this study, a gait phase recognition method based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and hidden Markov model (HMM) was proposed and tested. Firstly, wearable inertial sensors LPMS-B2 were used to collect the acceleration and angular velocity signals of cow hind limbs. In order to remove the noise of the system and restore the real dynamic data, Kalman filter was used for data preprocessing. The first-order difference of the angular velocity of the coronal axis was selected as the eigenvalue. Secondly, to analyze the long-term continuous recorded gait sequences of dairy cows, the processed data was clustered by GMM in the unsupervised way. The clustering results were taken as the input of the HMM, and the gait phase recognition of dairy cows was realized by decoding the observed data. Finally, the cow gait was segmented into 3 phases, including the stationary phase, standing phase and swing phase. At the same time, gait segmentation was achieved according to the standing phase and swing phase. The accuracy, recall rate and F1 of the stationary phase were 89.28%, 90.95% and 90.91%, respectively. The accuracy, recall rate and F1 of the standing phase recognition in continuous gait were 91.55%, 86.71% and 89.06%, respectively. The accuracy, recall rate and F1 of the swing phase recognition in continuous gait were 86.67%, 91.51% and 89.03%, respectively. The accuracy of cow gait segmentation was 91.67%, which was 4.23% and 1.1 % higher than that of the event-based peak detection method and dynamic time warping algorithm, respectively. The experimental results showed that the proposed method could overcome the influence of the cow's walking speed on gait phase recognition results, and recognize the gait phase accurately. This experiment provides a new method for the adaptive recognition of the cow gait phase in unconstrained environments. The degree of lameness of dairy cows can be judged by the gait features.
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