Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-02-05
Abstract： Previous studies have identified that people with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) exhibit processing biases toward negative emotional stimuli, especially those associated with anger, in contrast to their healthy counterparts. Additionally, negative stimuli elicit excessive emotional arousal in people with IGD, yet they encounter difficulties in effective emotional regulation. These emotional processing abnormalities play a pivotal role in the maintenance and development of IGD. Simultaneously, anomalies are also observed in brain regions linked with emotional processing in people with IGD, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and portions of the prefrontal cortex. Future investigations could focus more on the group emotional processing in IGD, the temporal dynamics of emotional processing in IGD, strategies to enhance the emotional regulation ability of people with IGD, and the emotional processing of adolescents with IGD. Furthermore, designing and presenting emotional stimuli in diverse ways can be employed to achieve various research purposes. Meanwhile, the effects of the gender ratio of participants, as well as both long-term and short-term emotional states, on the results of emotional processing studies should also be taken into consideration.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Signals from different sensory channels can be integrated and processed in the brain. Compared with stimuli from a single sensory modality, individual responses are faster for multisensory target signals; this is defined as the redundant signal effect. One of the main theories explaining the redundant signal effect is the co-activation model. According to the co-activation model, the signal input through multiple sensory channels is integrated into specialized brain regions, such as the intraparietal sulcus, superior temporal sulcus, and prefrontal lobe regions. Related regions collaborate through neural oscillations. The strength of the integrated signal is stronger relative to the signal in single channel, which can trigger the reaction more quickly. However, the phase of cognitive processing at which the integration of the multisensory signals occurs is not confirmed. Task switching is an important paradigm for studying cognitive control. Participants are slower when completing the switch task than when completing the repetitive task. At the same time, the error rate is greater because of the switching cost. When a shift occurs between different modal stimuli, there is also a cost in relation to the sensory channel changing—the modality shift effect. That is, owing to the modality shifting between successive sensory channels, individuals have a longer reaction time. Nevertheless, few studies have thoroughly explored the neural mechanisms of the modality shift effect. When the task is switched between different modalities, modal and task are all shifted. The cost of task switching associated with the cross-modal is more than the single modality switching cost or the task switching cost but less than the sum of the two kinds of loss. This provides evidence for the hypothesis that the switching cost associated with different sensory channels is derived from inertia and interference of the task set. In addition, the modality shift effect also exists in the paradigm of the redundant signal effect. Due to the shift of the sensory channel, the reaction time of the participants would be slower for the single sensory channel. Therefore, the existence of modality shift loss provides a different approach to the two classical theoretical models to explain the source of the redundant signal effect. Moreover, when modality switching occurs between single-modal and multi-sensory signals, the modality switching cost will decrease or even disappear, which is due to the multisensory integration offsetting a part of the loss. This supports the co-activation model. Finally, if the stimulation in the task switch paradigm is present in a multisensory channel, there is simultaneous task shifting and multisensory integration. The redundant signal effect may offset the switching cost, affecting the synchronous changes in neural oscillations and the intensity of activation in the relevant brain regions. However, it is unclear how multisensory integration affects the neural processing of the task switch, which would require more brain and neural evidence to demonstrate. Further studies could try to solve this problem by combining the multisensory integration research paradigm with the classic task-switching paradigm, exploring whether task-switching and cross-modal shifting share a common cognitive processing center. Furthermore, future studies could help to determine the processing mechanism of the cross-modal shift, source of loss, and processing phase of multisensory integration.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Long-term rigorous musical training changes the brain structure and function, which impacts speech processing. Many studies have demonstrated that subcortical and cortical neural plasticity interact to give musicians linguistic advantages, allowing them to construct more elaborate perceptions of speech signals than non-musicians. There is ample empirical support for integrative processing at the end of a sentence. Studies have found that participants completed integrative processing of syntactic or semantic information at the end of a sentence containing an earlier syntactic or semantic violation. As speech rhythms play an important role in establishing the lexical, syntactic, and semantic representation of sentences, is it necessary for listeners to integrate rhythm at the end of sentence containing an earlier rhythm violation? Further, it remains unknown whether and (if yes) how musical training contributes to this process. The present ERP study used the rhyming judgment task to explore these questions using Chinese poems. We used 160 unfamiliar, seven-character quatrains as experimental materials, with the last syllable (that is, targets) in the second line of the quatrain either appropriate or deviating from the appropriate syllable in tone, vowel, or both. Fifty undergraduates participated in this experiment. A total of 25 were musicians (9 males, mean age 20.56) with more than 10 years of formal music training who started at 7 years old or younger. The other 25 were non-musicians (9 males, mean age 20.84) who had never received any formal music training. Both were told to listen carefully and complete a ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ judgment task on the appropriateness of the metrical feet. The EEG was recorded using 64 electrodes placed according to the international extended 10-20 system. The continuous EEG data were segmented into epochs of -200 to 1000 ms relative to the onset of the last syllable of each quatrain. The ERPs were analyzed and compared between conditions at time windows of 100~300 ms and 300~750 ms after the onset of the last syllable. The behavioral results indicated that average accuracy rate in rhyming judgment task for musicians (83.24%, SE = 6.64%) was not significantly different from nonmusicians (82.64%, SE = 9.15%), t(48) = 0.27, p = 0.791. However, musicians responded faster when the tone was inappropriate compared to the appropriate condition, F(1, 48) = 16.88, p < 0.001, ηp 2= 0.26. ERP results indicated that during 100-300 ms the interaction between Subject, Vowel and Tone was significant in the midline, F(1, 48) = 7.59, p = 0.008, ηp 2 = 0.14, and lateral areas, F(1, 48) = 7.54, p = 0.008, ηp 2 = 0.14. Simple effect analysis indicated that for musicians, the inappropriate vowel elicited larger positivities than the appropriate vowel when the tone was appropriate [midline: F(1, 48) = 9.84, p = 0.003, ηp 2= 0.17; lateral: F(1, 48) = 15.41, p < 0.001, ηp 2= 0.24]; the inappropriate tone elicited larger positivities than the appropriate tone when the vowel was appropriate[midline: F(1, 48) = 3.80, p = 0.057, ηp 2 = 0.07; lateral: F(1, 48) = 7.27, p = 0.010, ηp 2 = 0.13]. Besides, the inappropriate tone elicited smaller positivities than the appropriate tone when the vowel was inappropriate[midline: F(1, 48) = 10.68, p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.18; lateral: F(1, 48) = 7.37, p = 0.009, ηp 2 = 0.13]. However, for nonmusicians, no significant difference was found in this time window (ps > 0.1). During 300-750 ms, we found that the interaction between Subject, Vowel and Tone was significant in the midline, F(1, 48) = 6.66, p = 0.013, ηp 2 = 0.12, and lateral areas, F(1, 48) = 5.60, p = 0.022, ηp 2 = 0.10. Simple effect analysis indicated that for musicians, the inappropriate vowel elicited larger negativities than the appropriate vowel when the tone was inappropriate [midline: F(1, 48) = 5.14, p = 0.028, ηp 2 = 0.10; lateral: F(1, 48) = 2.92, p = 0.094, ηp 2 = 0.06], and the inappropriate tone elicited larger negativities than the appropriate tone when the vowel was inappropriate[midline: F(1, 48) = 12.94, p = 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.21; lateral: F(1, 48) = 9.65, p = 0.003, ηp 2 = 0.17]. However, for nonmusicians, the inappropriate vowel elicited larger negativities than the appropriate vowel when the tone was appropriate [midline: F(1, 48) = 15.07, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.24; lateral: F(1, 48) = 12.04, p = 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.20], while the inappropriate tone elicited larger negativities than the appropriate tone when the vowel was appropriate[midline: F(1, 48) = 10.88, p = 0.002, ηp 2 = 0.19; lateral: F(1, 48) = 8.27, p = 0.006, ηp 2 = 0.15]. In summary, the current study found that both musicians and non-musicians completed rhythm integrative processing at the end of sentence containing an earlier rhythm violation that was reflected by a late negative effect (during 300~750 ms). More importantly, through years of musical training, the musicians were more sensitive and faster at the integrative processing of rhythm information as reflected by an early positive component during 100~300 ms. In line with the behavioral data, the musicians developed increased sensitivity to tone variations during both early and late time windows. Taken together, both musicians and non-musicians completed the integrative processing of rhythm information at the end of quatrains, whereas the musicians were more sensitive and faster.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： In successful social interactions, distinguishing between our own and another person's emotions is important. For individuals, both self-related information (such as self-name) and emotional stimuli with high sociality or adaptive meaning can automatically capture one's attention, leading to prior and deep processing. Previous studies have confirmed that self-relevance can affect the processing of emotional words. However, there is currently no research using name as a self-relevance clue to investigate whether and how name influences the cognitive processing of emotional words. In the current study, we used names as self-relevance clues to explore the dynamic temporal characteristics of self-related information affecting emotional information and its integration mechanism. In this study, we used ERP technology and created a 3 (name type: self, friend, unknown) � 3 (emotion type: positive, neutral, negative) within-subjects design. A total of 21 college students (9 males, Mage = 20.4) participated in the experiment. Prior to the experiment, we gathered the participants' own names and their best friends' names, then we found a name that we confirmed was unfamiliar to all participants. All names included three characters. The experimental stimuli were 171 two-character words taken from the Chinese Affective Words System, which included 57 positive, 57 negative and 57 neutral words. The participants were asked to silently read the names (self-name, friend-name and unfamiliar name) and emotional words (positive, neutral and negative) presented in succession, unaware that the presented words were emotional words, while their EEG was recorded. The ERP results showed the following. (1) The main effect of the emotional words was significant in the early processing stage, and the negative words elicited larger EPN amplitudes (200-300 ms) than the positive and neutral words. (2) In the late processing stage, the emotional words were further processed. The negative words elicited reduced N400 (300-450 ms) compared to the neutral words, and they enhanced LPP compared with the neutral and positive words during 450-650 ms. (3) More importantly, a significant interaction between the names and emotional words was discovered in the LPP time window. The negative words paired with self-names elicited significantly more positive LPP than the neutral words paired with self-names, while the negative words paired with friend-names elicited significantly larger LPP than the positive words and neutral words paired with friend-names. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found among the LPP amplitudes elicited by the three kinds of emotional words paired with unknown names. Overall, our study demonstrates that there is a processing advantage for negative words in different stages, and self-relevance contained in a name can affect the cognitive processing of emotional words, which mainly occurs in the late stage of emotional lexical processing. Importantly, it seems that individuals first filter information according to whether it is self-related and then process the emotional content (especially negative stimuli) related to themselves or their friends more deeply and elaborately. The negative bias can be explained by the fact that negative stimuli are considered to carry greater informational value than positive stimuli. Therefore, negative stimuli automatically capture more attention and cognitive resources than neutral and positive stimuli, resulting in higher order coding.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-06-21
Abstract：
Uncovering the cognitive neural mechanism underlying the effect of emotional experience on individuals’ various cognitive task performances has been a hot research topic. Previous studies mainly employed questionnaires and behavioral experiments as measurements and focused solely on the impact of anxiety on the estimation strategy utilization, leaving the underlying brain mechanism unclear. Few studies have explored the relationships betweenemotional experience other than anxiety and estimation strategy utilization, or emotion regulation and estimation strategy utilization. To fill in the gap, the present project will adopt the event-related potential (ERP) technology, combined with the facial expression images as emotional priming stimuli, to examine the influence of different emotional experience valences on estimation strategy utilization. Distinguishing between the explicit and implicit emotional experiences, our study will shed light on the role of different emotional valences on estimation strategy utilization as well as the temporal dynamic characteristics and brain activation patterns underlying the effect. This project will deepen people’s understanding about the cognitive and brain mechanisms of how different emotional experience influence estimation strategy utilization, and provide further empirical evidence for optimal estimation strategy utilization effect.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-06-07
Abstract：
Contextual cueing refers to the global properties of a context or scene used to search for specific objects and regions. Chun and Jiang (1998) found that in a visual search, the reaction time to repeated configurations was shorter than the reaction time to newly generated configurations. The benefit of repeated context–target association is widely known as the contextual-cueing effect, which indicates that the subject has learned the contextual association by which attention is guided to facilitate the searching. However, the learning of contextual cueing lacks adaptability. When the subject has learned a set of contexts, it is difficult to update a new target into existing contexts (re-learning) or to learn a new set of contexts (new-learning). Previous studies have shown that restarted learning processes can facilitate the learning of new context–target associations, while updating old contexts is associated with the scope of attention. Notably, positive emotions could broaden the scope of attention and break the cognitive fixation on old processes; therefore, it is possible to improve the adaptability of contextual-cueing learning via positive emotions.
This study aimed to explore whether positive emotions could enhance the adaptability of contextual learning. To this end, we recruited a sample of 18 young adults with positive and neutral affective priming as experimental conditions and control conditions, respectively, which allowed us to explore the contextual-cueing effect under the conditions of re-learning and new-learning. It should be noted that contextual cueing was defined in operation as the reaction time to the newly generated configuration minus that to the repeated configuration.
The experiment was divided into two phases: the learning phase and the switch phase. In the learning phase, the subjects learned a set of contextual cues. In the switch phase, with the contextual-cueing effect as the dependent variable, a repeated measures ANOVA was conducted with the emotional valence (positive versus neutral), the new contextual-cueing learning type (re-learning versus new-learning), and the time phase (early phase versus late phase).
The results indicated that neutral emotions did not facilitate contextual-cueing learning irrespective of the new contextual-cueing learning type. However, positive emotion improved learning in the new-learning condition, in which the contextual-cueing effect was higher in positive emotions than in neutral emotions both in the late phase and the early phase, whereas the re-learning condition did not show any sign of a contextual-cueing effect above zero.
This study indicates that positive emotions can improve the adaptability of contextual-cueing learning and that the underlying mechanism restarts learning processing, which fails to prevent an automatic retrieval of the old presentations caused by similarity. Therefore, it facilitates the learning of new contextual cueing but does not update learned contextual cueing.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-12-20
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-04-12
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-02-01
Abstract： The present research adopted a two-person ultimatum game and a three-person ultimatum game to examine the effect of vocal attractiveness of a male proposer and the effect of vocal attractiveness of a powerless male third player on decision-making. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the unfair offers from the proposers with attractive voices were more likely to be accepted compared with those from the proposers with unattractive voices. In Experiment 2, in the “unfair/fair” offer condition in which participants received a smaller allocation than the third player, the acceptance ratio was higher when the third player had an attractive-voice. In conclusion, vocal attractiveness can induce the "beauty premium" which was similar to the effect reported by previous research about facial attractiveness. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-11-30
Abstract： How to reveal the cognitive neural correlates underlying emotional face processing has always been the popular topic for psychology and social neuroscience. Previous studies mainly used single facial expressions as the stimuli to induce and present emotions, but there is still a lack of attention and the investigation for the crowd emotion. Thus, the present project plans to reveal the neural correlates underlying the processing of crowd emotional faces through the combination of behavioral, ERP, fMRI, and TMS experiments, in which the emotional information (valence and intensity), face direction (frontal, lateral and inverse view), integrity (partial presentation, complete presentation) and spatial frequency (complete, high frequency, low frequency) will be investigated to reveal the temporal dynamics and brain activation patterns of the processing of crowd facial expressions. Finally, our work will be expected to beneficially serve the comprehensive understanding of the nature of the perception and recognition of crowd emotion, which is also of practical significance towards updating social interactions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-01-18
Abstract： Fear has been often given priority to effective processing for the need to evade threatening stimuli. Most of researches have probed the influence of high and low spatial frequencies on the processing of fearful faces from the perspective of the two-channel model. Low spatial frequency components of the fearful face can be processed preferentially in the subcortical pathway. The high spatial frequency mainly processes the fearful faces through the cortical pathway. On this basis, researchers have proposed multiple pathways. The purpose of this paper is to review the subcortical, cortical and multiple pathways from the physiological perspective, and then organize the effects that high/low spatial frequencies on the processing of fearful faces in the various pathways and propose the controversies. Finally, we suggested several focuses that could be studied in the future."
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-01-04
Abstract： Metacognition refers to individual's subjective judgment about process of ongoing cognitive activities. As one of the indicators reflecting metacognitive sensitivity, confidence plays an important role in the individual's understanding and adjustment of one’s own behaviors. Studies have shown that the common task types in self-confidence indicators involve basic and advanced mental processing. In addition, the prediction of self-confidence on joint decision making gradually changes from confidence itself to exploratory prediction parameters based on computational models. Finally, neurophysiological research on confidence has verified the importance of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). In order to optimize the predictive function of confidence, future research should explore other complementary computational models related to confidence in decision-making process. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-05-24
Abstract： The body contains rich social information. Studying the body representation’s development in the early stage is significant for revealing body representation’s specific mechanism and further understanding the infants’ social development. Through looking at the theories about the body shape and the body movement, we summarize the representation patterns of the infant’s body structure information and movement information. At the same time, the article describes two theories on the infant's body representation development. Future researches should pay more attention to explain the specific development process and the controversial critical period of body representation in fancy. Moreover, the mechanism of biological motion preference on body representation should be explored through using the brain imaging technology.
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