Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic communicable disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has harassed the human being for long-term and remains to be one of the major public health problems facing the world as well as the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. We are falling short of TB control targets set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN). To achieve the ambitious targets of global TB prevention and control, there is an urgent need for immediate action as well as science and technology breakthroughs (e.g., a new vaccine and drug) to rapidly reduce TB incidence worldwide. This study summarizes the current progress on global and China’s TB prevention and control, and analyzes the contribution of science and technology in TB prevention and control. Based on the above analysis, we propose the following thought and advice on strengthening TB prevention and control through science and technology: Strengthening the basic research of TB, developing new TB vaccines and drugs, developing new diagnostic techniques for TB, and perfecting the system to support and strengthen the safeguard measures. The purpose of this study is to promote the policy layout and practice innovation of scientific prevention and control of TB in China, thus speeding up the realization of goals set by the WHO End TB Strategy.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： It is well understood among industries that biological resources are the strategic resources of the nation. The increase in the magnitude of the data generated by the arrival of the omniscience era will promote the transformation of life science research into a new paradigm of “data-intensive science”. Therefore, the big data of biological resources has become a national strategic resource as well as the focus of international technology competition and strategic commanding heights. At present, to establish a national infrastructure for biological resources is urgently needed. This infrastructure incorporates a technical system that supports the conservation, utilization, development, mining and sustainable use of biological resources and an integrated data system which can effectively manage, analyze and use massive data. These services will contribute greatly to support the scientific discovery and industrial innovation development in the frontier of biological resources of our nation. Biological resources information platform has cooperated with Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-BRP) to form a complete data system including data management specifications, data collection platform, data portal and data visualization system, which effectively motivate the integration, sharing, mining and utilization of strategic biological resources data of CAS. The data system covers 6 981 465 data of material resources including botanical gardens, biological specimen, biological genetic resources, laboratory animals resouces and biodiversity observation and research network from 42 research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. All resources can be shared through the data portal www.casbrc.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： In 1995, the Committee on Typical Culture Collection of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established and renamed as the Committee on Biological Genetic Resource Banks of CAS in 2015. Under the Committee there are 12 members of bio-resource bank from 11 institutes of CAS. Bio-resources like seeds, plant tissue in vitro, human cell lines and stem cells, animal cells and tissue samples, microorganisms, microalga, and seaweeds are collected and deposited in the banks of Committee. Each year about 40000–50000 cultures were shared. The basic orientation, composition, and bio-resource scale of the Biological Genetic Resource Bank of CAS, and its supporting role in scientific research, major national needs and national economy are introduced in the paper. Based on the trend of the collection and sustainable utilization of bio-genetic resources, the key works of bio-resources are proposed.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Under the support of the advisory project “Thinking and Suggestions on the Dilemma and Development of Chinese STM Journals” of the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, we took extensive questionnaire survey and deep analysis based on 2734 researchers and journal editors from 34 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and special administrative regions in China. We believe that the current difficulties and challenges faced by Chinese STM journals are temporary problems occurred during the process of Chinese scientific and technological development, which are not only related to external environmental factors such as research evaluation and international competition of STM journals, but also originated from the insufficiency of reform and innovation of Chinese STM journals themselves. We suggest that Chinese STM journals should define developing direction, improve service efficiency, and integrate into new academic communication.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Potato is the fourth most important crop in China, and nearly 70% of its production area overlaps the contiguous, destitute regions, which made potato one of the promising crops for poverty alleviation considering its economic value, high yield, and adaptability. Therefore, transformation of advanced potato cultivation techniques in severe poverty regions is an efficient and robust strategy for precise poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, potato production in China is threatened by several critical issues, including low coverage of virus-free potato seed tubers, infestation by various pathogens, and frequent natural hazards. These obstacles mentioned above impeded the improvement of potato sector, ultimately jeopardizing the poverty reduction through potato cultivation in impoverished rural areas. With endeavors from other institutions, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS) put continuing efforts on optimization of virus-free seed potato production, enhancement of application technology of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, eco-friendly techniques for disease and pest management, and other related research fields in recent years, resulting in the emergence of a Green, High-efficient, Integrated Technique Cultivation (GHITC) system for potato growers and their poverty alleviation. Great achievements have been obtained by introduction of GHITC system to Guizhou, Ningxia, Inter-Mongolia and other potato-growing poverty regions. In this study, we comprehensively rule out the key issues in poverty alleviation through potato industry, systematically summarize advantages of potato GHITC system as well as its contributions to precise poverty alleviation, and speculate future investigations on standardized production, differentiated application, and systematized innovation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Poverty alleviation or mitigation through science and technology is one of the strategies implemented in China. Grassbased Livestock Husbandry aims to develop sustainable and profitable ruminant farming systems and is an attractive and effective countermeasure for poverty alleviation in grasslands of China. Our survey indicated that 152 counties in the grassland region are in poverty, representing 56.7% of the total 268 counties. Hence, grasslands are the regions where the “hard core” poverty populations reside. As a pilot initiative, Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched projects in the grasslands in the north and the moutain meadows in the south to couple forage cultivation and processing with husbandry of elite local livestock breeds by improving the efficiency of converters of feed to products, and the projects have substantially helped local people increase their household incomes. Nationwidely, the grassland occupies more than 40% of the total national land area, hence the sustainable development of grass-based livestock farming systems could play a central role and have great potential in poverty alleviation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Strengthening basic research is one of the key strategies to achieve high-quality self-reliance of science and technology. On the occasion of the Centenary of the Communist Party of China, we review the development of science and technology in China and summarize the experience of promoting basic research to practical application. We also point out that the construction of innovation culture initiated by Chinese Academy of Sciences is useful to create a favorable environment for the basic research. Moreover, we describe the experience of how CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology promotes basic research to practical application.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The unique and extreme ecological environment of cryosphere acts as a gigantic reservoir of microorganisms, which preserves precious records of the diversity and evolutionary history of ancient microbes. Climate change and human activities have made significant impacts on the ecological system. Global warming causes melting of the cryosphere that remained frozen for thousands of years and releases microorganisms, some of them are recovered to life and constitute a potential threat to the ecological environment and human health. It is urgent to combine multidisciplinary research forces to investigate the microbial ecology of cryosphere, analyze the microbe pathogenesis and transmission mechanisms, as well as evaluate the biosecurity risks caused by the reboot of dormant microorganisms.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Under current complex and changeable international situation, building high-quality industrial systems according to the needs of national security and strategic development is an important guarantee for national sustained and high-quality development in the new period. As the source of technical innovation, basic research underpins the development of industrial systems. In addition, to strengthen the weakness and insufficience in basic research, we propose that a basic research funding navigation system should be constructed, which would be helpful to identify the key weaknesses in basic research, rationally set up the research direction,and optimize the reasonable allocation of resources, thus promote the establishment of a comprehensive and high-quality modern industrial system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biological specimens are important materials in the field of biological research and non-renewable strategic biological resources. The specimen collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is the center of conservation, research, and scientific education. It plays an irreplaceable role in the research and protection of biodiversity in China. Biological specimens can provide important information in three dimensions: species, space, and time. The use of different levels of such information supports the research areas of species cognition, biodiversity cataloging, protection and management of endangered species, prevention and control of alien invasion, biodiversity monitoring, and species distribution pattern and biodiversity change. Biological specimens have great potential for biodiversity research and conservation. In the future, the construction and management of specimen resources need to be committed to more comprehensive collection, strengthen the acquisition of in-depth information and the construction of data integration platform, so as to better contribute to the construction of ecological civilization and biodiversity conservation in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Potato is the main crop and important pillar industry in poor mountainous areas of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Loess Plateau in China. At present, there are several key common problems in potato production in these two regions, such as high incidence of diseases and insect pests, high chemical fertilizer usage but low utilization efficiency, imperfect seed potato breeding system and narrow market, which seriously restrict the sustainable development of potato industry. Taking Zhaotong of Yunnan Province and Dingxi of Gansu Province as examples, this study analyzes the advantages and necessity of developing seed potato industry in plateau poverty-stricken areas from the perspectives of ecological characteristics, location advantages and targeted poverty alleviation. It is proposed that the promotion of disease-resistant varieties, the introduction of green and efficient fertilizer application and pest control technologies, the establishment of specialized seed potato breeding technology system and large-scale base, as well as the expansion of seed potato market are effective measures for implementing poverty alleviation in the plateau regions.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Genetic circuits are dynamic regulation systems that control the life of every living organism. With the principles of engineering, synthetic genetic circuits are designed through simplifying and re-programming natural genetic circuits, and even by creating completely new principles that does not exist in nature. Genetic circuits are consisting of a wide variety of components, including genetic switches, oscillators, logic gates, and so on. The development of diverse synthetic circuits not only facilitated the understanding of basic principles of life, but also enabled the rebuilding of natural biological systems which has provided brand new solutions for a broad range of applications including medicine, agriculture, and industrial fermentation. In the last two decades, the design of synthetic genetic circuits has been seen rapid development, but the complexity of intercellular biochemical reactions and signal transductions still poses great challenges for building genetic circuits with more sophisticated functions. Consequently, the pathways toward predictable assembly in cells of microscopic scale and ensuring reliable circuit performance in complex environments would be major subjects that challenge all researchers in this field.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Biodiversity is not only important strategic resource, but also the safeguard to the ecological security and success of the development of ecological civilization. Gathering “big data” of biological sciences at different levels, the in-depth data mining and novel discoveries stemmed from cross disciplines will switch life sciences to the new data-intensive science paradigm, and eventually leads to the change of the way how life system should be understood, and how biodiversity resources should be utilized sustainably. Therefore, to establish an infrastructure for the big biodiversity data in China is urgently needed. This infrastructure incorporates big biodiversity data from both macro and micro scales, and integrates data services and data mining system. It incorporates in-depth data mining tools, simulation models, standards for compiling and sharing data of biodiversity and ecosystems. In this system, the big data from palaeontology and genomics, diversity of species and ecosystems are well integrated. The datasets from geography, climatology, remote sensing, environmental and social sciences, and economics are also included as a comprehensive visualized big data platform being available to the public. It could be used to promote sound decision making for biodiversity conservation and ecological security in China. These services will also contribute greatly to the advancement of biodiversity science, the industrial innovation and development, providing fundamental information for fulfilling the national obligations in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity, the prevention and control of invasive alien species and the monitoring of international trade of wildlife, and so on.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Microorganism resources and microorganism big data are national important strategic resources, material base for human survival and development, and great source of innovation of biotechnology. Opening and sharing of microorganism resources and data are of great significance for development and utilization of microorganism resources. The big data platform of Global Catalogue of Microorganisms (GCM) constructed by World Data Center for Microorganisms (WDCM) records physical resource information data of 400 000 strains of microbes collected by 120 international microbial resource centers in 46 countries, offering microbial strains resource information service to the scientific, technological, and industrial circles all over the world in the form of unified data portal. It fully participates in formulation of international microorganism data standards, and provides important supports for Nagoya Protocol and its implementation in microorganism field. On this basis, WDCM initiated the international microbial genome and microbiome sequencing project in 2017 to realize the transition from microbial resource data to sharing and utilization of physical microbial resources. It is hoped to promote the development of biological big data industry, further drive implementation of Chinese microbiome project, play a leading role in international microbiome project, and raise our voice in the microorganism field through the big data platform for microorganism.
Subjects: Biology >> Bioengineering submitted time 2017-12-20 Cooperative journals: 《中国生物工程杂志》
Abstract：“一带一路”贯穿亚欧非大陆，联结活跃的东亚经济圈和发达的欧洲经济圈，以及中间经济发展潜力巨大的广大腹地国家与地区，“一带一路”战略将对中国未来国内外的政治、经济、文化、科技发展产生重大深远影响。本报告分析了“一带一路”沿线国家的科技发展基础条件，研究了“一带一路”沿线国家在生物技术领域取得的基础研究进展和专利技术研发进展的总体情况，综述了“一带一路”沿线国家生物技术产业发展现状和国际专利布局情况，并针对中国与“一带一路”沿线国家在生物技术领域进一步深化合作互利共赢提出了发展建议。
Subjects: Energy Science >> Energy Science （General） submitted time 2017-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract：近年来，美国、欧盟都陆续启动了微生物组相关的研究项目。但微生物组大数据的收集、存储、功能挖掘和开发利用一直是制约微生物组发展的核心问题。文章分析了我国目前在微生物组数据管理中存在着标准不统一、缺乏跨领域的数据整合、高质量的参考数据库和数据的深度挖掘技术等问题，提出适时启动“中国微生物组”计划，建立中国微生物组数据中心，在微生物组数据标准化的基础上，建立微生物组大数据计算、存储和共享平台，开发微生物组大数据挖掘的新方法，实现我国微生物组数据资源的系统管理和高效利用。
Subjects: Geosciences >> Marine Sciences submitted time 2017-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract：水圈包括海洋、湖沼、河流、冰川、地下水等，水圈中居住着地球上一半以上的微生物，包括细菌、古菌、真菌、藻类、病毒等，蕴含着地球上最大的微生物组。已有的研究表明，水圈微生物在重要元素生物地球化学循环中发挥关键驱动作用。但是，人们对水圈微生物组的核心科学问题，即微生物如何发挥驱动作用至今了解不多。最近，国家自然科学基金委员会“水圈微生物驱动地球元素循环的机制”重大研究计划（简称“水圈微生物计划”）正式立项。该计划拟选择典型水圈环境，解析微生物群落构建及与环境之间的相互作用、微生物物质与能量代谢机制以及微生物代谢活动的生态学意义与贡献，从而揭示水圈微生物驱动碳、氮、硫等元素生物地球化学循环的机制。文章简述了该计划提出的背景与依据，以及涉及的主要科学问题和研究设想。
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2017-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract：在微生物组技术体系中，农作物微生物组具有较好的研究基础和广阔的应用前景，已经处于从基础研究成果向田间应用转化的关键时期。目前，该领域在农作物-微生物组-土壤环境之间的相互关系，益生菌及其功能基因对作物生长发育的影响，微生物组改善农作物氮、磷、铁等元素高效吸收，微生物组提高植物先天免疫反应和抗多种环境胁迫等方向取得了突破性的研究进展。发达国家和跨国农业公司在该领域持续加强投入，基于农作物微生物组研究的成熟产品迅速开拓市场，已成功应用于作物栽培和生产。相关技术在减少化学肥料和农药的使用、大幅提高农产品产量与品质方面展现出了巨大的应用前景。我国在农业可持续性发展方面存在农药肥料滥用、环境污染、病害威胁严重等重大问题，农作物微生物组学及相关技术的发展将为解决这些问题提供强有力的技术支撑。为此，我国亟待在农作物微生物组项目规划、人才队伍培养、创新价值链培育和产业化方面进行调整，促进农作物微生物组的研究和技术发展，为保障国家粮食安全和食品安全作出重大贡献。
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2017-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract：微生物组是指一个特定环境或者生态系统中全部微生物及其遗传信息，包括其细胞群体和数量、全部遗传物质（基因组），它界定了涵盖微生物群及其全部遗传与生理功能，其内涵包括了微生物与其环境和宿主的相互作用。微生物组学是一个崭新的学科，微生物组研究取得的成果，必将为国家经济社会发展、人类生活质量改善提供源源不断的创新活力。因此，微生物组学也是一个世界各国争相发展的战略性科技领域，美国、日本等发达国家已经部署了支持微生物组研究的国家计划。在分析国内发展现状的基础上，结合我国发展过程中的国家需求，文章分析了我国微生物组研究面临的机遇和挑战，提出了部署中国微生物组计划“国家需求导向、科学假设驱动、技术创新支撑”的基本原则。建议设立中国微生物组计划国家重点研发计划；探讨了中国微生物组计划的重点领域和内容，涉及健康、环境、工农业和海洋等领域。希望通过中国微生物组计划的实施，主导国际大科学计划并强化我国在相应领域的话语权，显著提升我国科技创新和科技成果转化能力，催生一批基于颠覆性技术的战略性新兴产业，为我国经济社会发展和人类文明进步作出应有的贡献。
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