Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-04-06
Abstract： Anxiety is associated with high levels of arousal. Both theoretical and empirical work have determined that when an individual experiences anxiety, he/she shows attentional bias toward negative stimuli. High arousal and negative attentional bias, as the two key characteristics of anxiety, are associated with a series of subjective feelings and experiences of individuals with state anxiety, among which time perception is significant. However, how this process operates remains an open question. In this article, we investigate how state anxious individuals perceive time, especially the roles of attention bias and cognitive appraisal in this process. Sixty college students participated in the study and were randomly assigned to a high state anxiety group (n=30, completed a procedure of anxious state induction) and a low state anxiety group (n=30, completed a procedure of calm state induction). Then，a 2 (high state anxiety group vs. low state anxiety group) × 2 (negative stimuli vs. neutral stimuli) × 3 (2000 ms vs. 4000 ms vs. 8000 ms) mixed-design experiment was conducted with the attentional bias as the mediator, the cognitive appraisal as the moderator and the time perception as the dependent variable. State anxiety was manipulated by an induction process, time perception was measured by the time reproduction task, attentional bias was measured by the dot-probe task and cognitive appraisal was assessed by the visual analogue mood scales. The results showed that (1) State anxiety had an effect on time perception, namely, individuals with high state anxiety overestimated the 2-second interval of the negative stimuli. (2) Attentional bias played a partial mediating role in the relationship between state anxiety and time perception of 2000 ms. (3) Cognitive appraisal moderated the mediation effect of attentional bias on the influence of state anxiety on time perception of 2000 ms. Specifically, when the score of cognitive appraisal was high, attentional bias played a mediating role in the influence of state anxiety on time perception, while when the score of cognitive appraisal was low, attentional bias did not play a mediating role in the influence of state anxiety on time perception. Therefore, the effect of state anxiety on college students’ time perception was a moderated mediating effect. The moderated mediating model significantly revealed the effect mechanism of state anxiety on college students’ time perception, which can contribute to a better understanding of how individuals in an anxious state perceive time. Furthermore, it suggests that the adjustment of cognitive appraisal or attentional bias is an important way to alleviate the time distortion of anxious individuals.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2016-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract：对不同Re、W含量的铸态镍基单晶高温合金通过Brinell硬度计压痕变形, 分别在1230 ℃至1330 ℃温度下保温1 h, 研究了难熔元素Re和W对铸态单晶高温合金再结晶行为的影响. 结果表明: 再结晶晶粒在压痕表面形成, 并沿枝晶干向内扩展, 晶界迁移受到枝晶间粗大g'相和(g+g')共晶阻碍. 添加Re、W提高了铸态单晶高温合金的g'相溶解温度和(g+g')共晶含量, 导致单晶高温合金的再结晶温度升高. 热处理温度升高, 各单晶高温合金的再结晶面积随着枝晶间g'相和共晶含量的减少而增大. 相同热处理温度下, 由于不同成分单晶高温合金枝晶间粗大g'相和(g+g')共晶含量不同, 不含难熔元素Re、W的单晶高温合金再结晶面积最大, 含Re单晶高温合金的再结晶面积大于含W单晶高温合金, 同时添加Re和W的单晶高温合金再结晶面积最小.
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