Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The evolution of digital photographic technology and the rise of social media have made photo-taking an indispensable part of people’s daily lives. Photo-taking can provide consumers with concrete evidence of their experiences; it can also invite them to revisit their recollections of the experience and share the memories with others. Although photo-taking has become an integral part of people’s everyday lives, no review studies have been found that synthesize or theoretically explain the influence of photo-taking on consumption experiences. Consumers may use photo-taking to create visual records of their consumption experiences. Photo-taking behavior in the broad sense includes not just shooting images, but also a variety of photo-related activities such as looking back, editing, and sharing photos.What impact does photo-taking behavior have on consumption experiences? This paper presents a review of studies on the effect of photo-taking on consumption experiences. We creatively differentiate the influence of photo-taking behaviors on consumption experiences into two categories: bonus effect and deficiency effect, composing the double-edged sword effect, which could be explained from the theoretical perspectives of motivation, cognition, and emotion. On the one hand, photo-taking behavior can provide consumers with a kind of bonus impact based on the “visual experience bonus,” that is, the pleasant emotional and cognitive reactions elicited by photo-taking behavior via concentrating consumers on visual components. For example, taking photos may direct customers’ attention to the focal part of the visual elements and increase their visual recollection of the encounter. On the other hand, photo-taking behavior might cause negative consequences on consumers, in that consumers may miss the genuine experience of other sensory experiences (i.e., smell, taste, hearing, and touch) because of their concentration on the visual experience in a photo shoot, a condition known as “the deprivation of other sensory experiences.” For example, taking photos during an experience forces consumers’ attention to switch between the experience and taking photos, leading to distraction from the experience; taking photos prompts consumers to focus on the visual experience, resulting in less experience with other senses and lower memory accuracy.Based on prior research, our paper recommends practical future research directions, with the goal of providing some reference for research and corporate marketing practice in this field. The future research topics can be extended in three aspects. First, researchers can explore how different objects in photo-taking affect consumption experiences, product reputation, and brand attitudes. Furthermore, objects in photo-taking activate visual and other sensory imagery. As a result, it is also possible to investigate the breadth and depth of other sensory imagery experiences elicited by photo-taking behavior. Second, in the future, the boundary conditions of the bonus impact of photo-taking on consumption experiences in various social and experiential settings may be investigated. The influence of photo-taking behavior on consumption experience may change depending on the social milieu and kind of encounter. Third, the double-edged sword impact of photo-taking behavior should be explored more in corporate marketing research. Consumer engagement and immersion in the activity may be reduced if photo-taking behavior concentrates on visual features while disregarding the true senses of hearing, touch, taste, and smell. Therefore, the influence of photo-bonus taking’s effect on improving corporate marketing performance may be particularly investigated, as well as expanding research on the positive impact of photo-taking on re-experiencing intents and behaviors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： On the one hand, a large amount of information is helpful to the construction of the future and it can help individuals make far-sighted decisions. On the other hand, as the amount of information increases, the ambiguity and uncertainty of the future also increases, which may make individuals prefer smaller but sooner reward. So, how does a huge amount of information affect intertemporal decision making? It is an important scientific question that has not been well addressed.Although there may be multiple cognitive abilities that play different roles in the process of massive information influencing intertemporal decisions, we believe that attention is the most important one. Mainly based on the following considerations: (1) The cost of processing information is attentional resources. (2) Selectivity of Attention determines what information is used for decision making. (3) The weight of attention given to different information may determine the decision outcome. Studies have shown that individuals' differences in intertemporal decision-making are mainly due to variance in attention. (4) There is important practical value in understanding how variance of attention affect intertemporal decision-making. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the question that how massive information influence intertemporal decision-making through attentional resources.Firstly, we will explore how massive information can reduce prospection about the future. Because too much information makes information that are negative, concrete, and salient are more likely to capture a person's attention. This results in too little attentional resources left for future relevant events. Secondly, we will explore how the reduction of prospection lead to a preference for the short-term option in intertemporal decision-making. Specifically, when individuals' attention is drawn to immediate information, they simulate future events unclearly, and predict a lower likelihood of receiving long-term rewards. Therefore, people's intention to achieve long-term goals will be reduced and they are reluctant to plan for long-term goals. Changes in the four prospection patterns will lead to a reduced weighting of future options and therefore a preference for near-term options in intertemporal choice. Thirdly, long-term orientation moderates the effect of massive information on intertemporal decision-making. Individuals with long-term orientation pay more attention to the value related to long-term goals and reduce the attention bias to short-term related information. Thus, long-term orientation buffers the adverse effect of massive information on intertemporal decision-making. And last but not least, we attempt to facilitate individuals' far-sighted intertemporal decision-making in a massive information environment by setting salience and defaults that could directing subjects' attention to focus on long-term values.Based on the theoretical perspective of attentional resources, this study proposes a theoretical framework that massive information affects intertemporal decision making by reducing prospection about the future. This is the first time to establish the relationship between massive information and intertemporal decision making directly. It reveals the cognitive process that massive information affects intertemporal decision making and helps us to deeply understand how people make intertemporal choice in the massive information environment. Consequently, our conclusions have important practical significance for both organizations and individuals to nudge farsighted decision by setting the environment to guide attention.
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