Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Misinformation often continues to influence people’s beliefs and reasoning even after retracted—this persistence is termed the ‘continued influence effect of misinformation’ (CIEM). Both of the mental-model- updating hypothesis and the memory-retrieval-failure hypothesis attempt to explain this phenomenon. The neural substrates of CIEM are controversial, and results from different studies support different assumptions. The disputations may relate to neglection of potential contribution of inhibitory control in CIEM and of methodological differences between studies. This study aimed to investigate neural substrates and cognitive mechanism of CIEM using the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from the view of inhibition control. Thirty-one participants (10 males) were recruited in this study. They were instructed to read brief, fictional news reports and answer three inference questions after reading while lying in a 3.0T Siemens Prisma MRI scanner. Each participant needed to read 40 reports (20 reports in their retraction versions and 20 in their control versions). Each fictional report contained six sentences and derived retraction and control versions based on whether the second sentence contained misinformation. Pseudorandom uniform temporal jitter was used for this fMRI design. Imaging data were preprocessed and processed using SPM, RESTplus and DPABI toolbox to obtain the functional activities of the ROIs and their functional connectivity. Multi-comparison tests were conducted for brain activities induced by target sentence 5 (encoding phase) and three reasoning sentences (retrieval phase) under different versions. The results showed: (1) retractions elicited less activity in the left middle temporal gyrus (BA21/22) than control during encoding phase; and retractions also elicited less activity in the left middle frontal gyrus (L_MFG, BA10) and right anterior cingulate cortex (R_ACC, BA32) than control during retrieval phase. Additionally, activation at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L_DLPFC, BA9) in the retraction condition was marginally significantly different from that in the control condition during retrieval phase. No significant activation difference was observed across conditions in others ROI. (2) A marginally significantly negative correlation was found between functional metrics (Beta) of the left MFG in retraction condition and individuals’ interference scores. (3) With regard to functional connectivity, we compared the connectivity between two seeds (left MFG and right ACC) and the rest of the brain in control versus retraction condition during retrieval phase. Results demonstrated that the right ACC showed decreased functional connectivity with the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) under retraction condition when compared to control condition. The left MFG showed similar decreased connectivity with the bilateral IOG under retraction condition when compared to control, but increased functional connectivity with right precentral gyrus under retraction condition when compared to control. The results suggest that the CIEM be related to semantic encoding failure during information comprehension and inhibition failure of misinformation during information retrieval. The mental-model-updating hypothesis and the memory-retrieval-failure hypothesis can explain the different phase of CIEM. The findings provide more experimental evidence for neural basis of CIEM and refine corresponding theoretical accounts, and provide neurological clues for further exploration of ways to reduce the negative impact of CIEM in the future.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-05-22
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Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-05-17 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract：[目的]手机成瘾是信息技术时代影响人们生理心理的主要因素，对手机成瘾的发生路径的研究能为手机成瘾的干预治疗提供更加科学个性化的方案。 [方法]文献综述 [结果]以往研究在探索手机成瘾发生路径时，参照网络成瘾的定义与模式，主要利用问卷调查的方法， 建构手机成瘾的单个中介或调节路径。 [局限]缺少对手机成瘾的区别性定义与成瘾因素及其路径的整合。 [结论]首先提出手机成瘾的区别性定义，然后整合手机成瘾的多个路径，建立以孤独感、焦虑为中介，自我控制、动机为调节的手机成瘾动态控制模型，最后梳理手机成瘾的认知实验结果，为手机成瘾的干预提供综合而全面的科学根据。
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-04-18 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： For humans, both face and body play important roles in conveying emotional information. Previous studies showed that body postures rather than faces could provide more valid information about valence in the recognition of victory and defeat. The present study aimed to compare the processing of the faces and the bodies of victory and defeat. The current study employed emotional expressions of Chinese professional players reacting to victory or defeat to compare the processing of emotional faces and body postures using behavioral and ERP recordings. 80 images (40 winners and 40 losers) were obtained through Google and Baidu image search, using the search keyword “reacting to winning a point” or “reacting to losing a point”, intersected with “tennis” or “table tennis” or “badminton”. In Experiment 1, the behavioral experiment asked participants to rate the valence and intensity of the faces and the body postures on a 9 point scale (valence: 1-the most negative and 9-the most positive; intensity: 1-the least intense and 9-the most intense). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to determine the type of emotion (neutral, happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) expressed by the faces and the body postures. In the ERP study (Experiment 3), participants were instructed to indicate the valence (positive or negative) of the faces and the body postures. The behavioral results showed that body postures rather than faces facilitated the discrimination between victory and defeat. Compared to body postures, the faces were more complex and involved a variety of facial expressions. The behavioral result of the ERP study showed that body postures rather than faces could provide more valid information about valence. The ERP results showed that the emotional information of body postures could be detected earlier than faces, as reflected by larger N170 amplitudes for winning body postures than losing body postures. However, there was no significant N170 difference between winning faces and losing faces. The emotional effect of faces was reflected by the EPN component, and losing faces elicited larger negative EPN amplitudes than winning faces. On the contrary, winning body postures elicited larger negative EPN amplitudes than losing body postures. Moreover, victory elicited larger LPP amplitudes than defeat under both face and body conditions. These data suggest that the higher rate of discrimination between winning body postures and losing body postures is possibly due to the stimulus evaluation and categorization of body postures at multiple stages of processing. It is hoped that the current results regarding the emotional processing of facial and body expressions will help us understand the mechanisms of the emotional brain.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2018-03-22 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： For humans, both face and body play important roles in conveying emotional information. Previous studies showed that body postures rather than faces could provide more valid information about valence in the recognition of victory and defeat. The present study aimed to compare the processing of the faces and the bodies of victory and defeat.
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