Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-03-13
Abstract： In the field of misinformation identification research, the motivated System 2 reasoning and classical reasoning accounts probe the influencing factors that shape individuals’ ability to identify misinformation from different perspectives, yet diverge in their interpretations of cognitive abilities’ roles. Building upon existing research, this study introduces factors such as emotions, information characteristics, individual stances, and their underlying motivations to further refine the hierarchical model of misinformation identification based on a signal detection theory. The objective is to enrich our comprehension of the multifaceted ways in which these diverse elements bear upon the process of misinformation identification. By differentiating the influence of various factors on both the discrimination sensitivity and the judgment criteria within the identification process, the model not only reconciles the contrasting perspectives on cognitive abilities posited by motivated System 2 reasoning and classical reasoning accounts but also furnishes a detailed and systematically organized analytical framework. This framework is instrumental in elucidating the intricate mechanisms that underpin the identification of misinformation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Intergenerational transmission in the field of environmental psychology and behaviors is an important fulcrum for sustainable development. Existing studies mainly focus on the intergenerational transmission effects and mechanisms of pro-environmental attitudes (such as environmental values, environmental concern, sustainable consumption attitudes) and pro-environmental behaviors (such as energy saving behaviors, recycling behaviors, green consumption behaviors). Traditional approaches to the study of relationships among generations view ecosocialization as a top-down phenomenon in which parents transmit their attitudes and behaviors to their children in a unidirectional and often deterministic manner. However, although there is evidence of intergenerational correlation between pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, it has not been proved that parents influence children’s pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors through the process of socialization. Family socialization is a dynamic and interactive process, in which parents and children will be reciprocal influences and counterinfluence. (Several theoretical considerations suggest that the influence of parents and children is reciprocal). Children are not only passive receivers of the socialization process, they are also active agents, passing on information and knowledge from schooling, peers and the mass media to their parents. In addition, in most families, parents and children live in a shared socio-cultural context, which further complicates the interpretation of intergenerational correlation. Based on the socialization theory and parent-child values similarity framework, and integrating existing studies, the authors propose a intergenerational transmission framework of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. In this framework, we argue for considering intergenerational correlation as the result of a complex network of mutual influences among parents, children, and their shared environments. The intergenerational transmission has three interdependent pathways of socialization: (1) parents influence their children, through modeling learning, parent-child communication, parent-child participation; (2) children influence their parents, that is, the process of reverse intergenerational transmission; (3) parents and children are influenced by the shared social and cultural environment, that is, the process of cultural acculturation. We argue that the three processes for intergenerational correlation should be viewed as interdependent, compatible, working jointly. Among them, parents influence their children and reverse intergenerational transmission are a dynamic process. The former occurs earliest in childhood and persists into adolescence, while the latter mostly occurs in later adolescence. Future research should be carried out from four aspects. (1) Construct a dynamic model of intergenerational transmission by longitudinally tracking parent-child interactions and children’s developmental trajectories, and explore in depth the potential mechanisms of intergenerational transmission, such as parental characteristics, children’s characteristics, parent-child relationship. (2) Strengthen the research of intergenerational transmission in the context of Chinese culture, and explore in depth the role of horizontal socialization factors (e.g., peer influence, school environmental educations, mass media) in promoting and blocking intergenerational transmission. (3) Explore the potential mechanism of intergenerational transmission in different fields, and summarize the domain universality and domain specificity of intergenerational transmission, in order to better understand the formation and development of individual psychological and behavioral patterns. (4) Future research needs to construct a family-based environmental education mechanism that involves both parents and children generations to promote the application of research results.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Latent growth models (LGMs) are a powerful tool for analyzing longitudinal data, and have attracted the attention of scholars in psychology and other social science disciplines. For a latent variable measured by multiple indicators, we can establish both a univariate LGM (also called first-order LGM) based on composite scores and a latent variable LGM (also called second-order LGM) based on indicators. The two model types are special cases of the first-order and second-order factor models respectively. In either case, we need to scale the factors, that is, to specify their origin and unit. Under the condition of strong measurement invariance across time, the estimation of growth parameters in second-order LGMs depends on the scaling method of factors/latent variables. There are three scaling methods: the scaled-indicator method (also called the marker-variable identification method), the effect-coding method (also called the effect-coding identification method), and the latent-standardization method. The existing latent-standardization method depends on the reliability of the scaled-indicator or the composite scores at the first time point. In this paper, we propose an operable latent-standardization method with two steps. In the first step, a CFA with strong measurement invariance is conducted by fixing the mean and variance of the latent variable at the first time point to 0 and 1 respectively. In the second step, estimated loadings in the first step are employed to establish the second-order LGM. If the standardization is based on the scaled-indicator method, the loading of the scaled-indicator is fixed to that obtained in the first step, and the intercept of the scaled-indicator is fixed to the sample mean of the scaled-indicator at the first time point. If the standardization is based on the effect-coding method, the sum of loadings is constrained to the sum of loadings obtained in the first step, and the sum of intercepts is constrained to the sum of the sample mean of all indicators at the first time point. We also propose a first-order LGM standardization procedure based on the composite scores. First, we standardize the composite scores at the first time point, and make the same linear transformation of the composite scores at the other time points. Then we establish the first-order LGM, which is comparable with the second-order LGM scaled by the latent-standardization method. The scaling methods of second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are systematically summarized. The comparability is illustrated by modeling the empirical data of a Moral Evasion Questionnaire. For the scaled-indicator method, second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are rather different in parameter estimates (especially when the reliability of the scale-indicator is low). For the effect-coding method, second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are relatively close in parameter estimates. When the latent variable at the first time point is standardized, the mean of the intercept-factor of the first-order LGM is close to 0 and not statistically significant; so is the mean of the intercept-factor of the second-order LGM through the effect-coding method, but those through two scaled-indicator methods are statistically significant and different from each other. According to our research results, the effect-coding method is recommended to scale and standardize the second-order LGMs, then comparable first-order LGMs are those based on the composite scores and their standardized models. For either the first-order or second-order LGM, the standardized results obtained by modeling composite total scores and composite mean scores are identical.
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2023-03-29
Abstract：
Latent growth models (LGMs) are a powerful tool for analyzing longitudinal data, and have attracted the attention of scholars in psychology and other social science disciplines. For a latent variable measured by multiple indicators, we can establish both a univariate LGM (also called first-order LGM) based on composite scores and a latent variable LGM (also called second-order LGM) based on indicators. The two model types are special cases of the first-order and second-order factor models respectively. In either case, we need to scale the factors, that is, to specify their origin and unit. Under the condition of strong measurement invariance across time, the estimation of growth parameters in second-order LGMs depends on the scaling method of factors/latent variables. There are three scaling methods: the scaled-indicator method (also called the marker-variable identification method), the effect-coding method (also called the effect-coding identification method), and the latent-standardization method.
The existing latent-standardization method depends on the reliability of the scaled-indicator or the composite scores at the first time point. In this paper, we propose an operable latent-standardization method with two steps. In the first step, a CFA with strong measurement invariance is conducted by fixing the mean and variance of the latent variable at the first time point to 0 and 1 respectively. In the second step, estimated loadings in the first step are employed to establish the second-order LGM. If the standardization is based on the scaled-indicator method, the loading of the scaled-indicator is fixed to that obtained in the first step, and the intercept of the scaled-indicator is fixed to the sample mean of the scaled-indicator at the first time point. If the standardization is based on the effect-coding method, the sum of loadings is constrained to the sum of loadings obtained in the first step, and the sum of intercepts is constrained to the sum of the sample mean of all indicators at the first time point. We also propose a first-order LGM standardization procedure based on the composite scores. First, we standardize the composite scores at the first time point, and make the same linear transformation of the composite scores at the other time points. Then we establish the first-order LGM, which is comparable with the second-order LGM scaled by the latent-standardization method.
The scaling methods of second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are systematically summarized. The comparability is illustrated by modeling the empirical data of a Moral Evasion Questionnaire. For the scaled-indicator method, second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are rather different in parameter estimates (especially when the reliability of the scale-indicator is low). For the effect-coding method, second-order LGMs and their comparable first-order LGMs are relatively close in parameter estimates. When the latent variable at the first time point is standardized, the mean of the intercept-factor of the first-order LGM is close to 0 and not statistically significant; so is the mean of the intercept-factor of the second-order LGM through the effect-coding method, but those through two scaled-indicator methods are statistically significant and different from each other.
According to our research results, the effect-coding method is recommended to scale and standardize the second-order LGMs, then comparable first-order LGMs are those based on the composite scores and their standardized models. For either the first-order or second-order LGM, the standardized results obtained by modeling composite total scores and composite mean scores are identical.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In recent years, frequently occurred major risk events such as earthquakes, floods, and the COVID-19 pandemic have posted a significant threat to people's lives and health. Family resilience has become an important protective factor for individuals and families to cope with risks. Family resilience theory has also become one of the most widely applied theories in the field of risk coping.Family resilience theory was proposed as a new stress coping model by McCubbin, a clinical psychologist studying the military families' response to the war crisis, based on family stress theory and family systems theory. After several major revisions, the family resilience theory has developed from a static characteristics model into a dynamic change theory and formed a theoretical system with extensive connotation and extension. However, the “Double ABCX model” and “FAAR model” within the theoretical system are most commonly used in empirical research, and many researchers equate these two models with the family resilience theory, which leads to overgeneralization in the application. In addition, this theory came from family therapy in Western culture, and risk coping researchers have often ignored the huge difference between the cultural traditions of Chinese and Western families. To a certain extent, overlooking cultural differences has affected the researcher to deeply understand the family resilience theory in China. Chinese researchers should hold a prudent attitude when applying the family resilience theory to explain the family risk coping in China, avoiding problem of “cutting the feet to fit the shoes”.Family resilience theory was applied to topics such as trauma repair and stress coping in the early stage. Later, it was applied to topics such as resilience. It is worth noticing that the family resilience theory revealed a peaked influence in risk coping studies in China over recent years. The consistently enriched research topics and gradually increasing theoretical and empirical studies highlighted the practical value of family resilience theory. At present, The family resilience theory has become a practical guide for clinical interventions. It has also become an important explanatory mechanism for the “crisis-adaptation” relationship at four levels (i.e., state, society, family, and individual) since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The family resilience theory has been expanded many times, its explanatory power has been constantly improved, and it has also been widely used in risk coping. However, applying the family resilience theory to risk coping research still faces challenges from several sources, such as meta-theoretical research, methodology, cross-cultural research, and social change. Meta-theoretical research challenges the family resilience theory primarily from the accuracy of the definition of family resilience concepts and the integration of theoretical models; methodology challenges the accuracy of family resilience assessment mainly from three aspects: research objects, research methods, and assessment tools; the cross-cultural and social change research challenges the applicability of the family resilience theory in Chinese context, mainly based on the strong appeal of localization and the uniqueness of family intergenerational relations in the period of social transformation.Future research should cope with these challenges by clarifying the concept of family resilience and integrating the different family resilience models, using mixed methods and developing assessment index systems, and promoting localization of the family resilience theory. It is also important to build a family resilience theoretical system with Chinese characteristics considering Chinese traditional "family culture", in order to improve the vitality and explanatory power of the family resilience theory and reflect the contribution of oriental philosophy to the contemporary world, and further enhance the international academic discourse power of Chinese psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： I3 model, which is also known as “I-cubed model”, has shaped a theoretical framework for explaining individual behavior, which argues that all behaviors emerge from a combination of instigation, impellance and inhibition. Each factor can change independently of the other two. The structure of I3 model is a comprehensive model of 12 paths consisting of three factors (instigation, impellance, and inhibition), a mediator (behavioral proclivity), and an outcome (behavior). The 12 paths predict the individual behavior mechanism in specific contexts by describing 18 problems, such as aggressive behaviors, eating behaviors, etc. As a theoretical framework for behavior research, Finkel and other researchers verified and supported the theory with empirical studies on a large number of studies over the past 10 years, which suggests that the theory is consistent with the data. In addition, in terms of the self-consistent nature of the model system, the I3 model has certain rationality, compatibility, and unique value compared with other classical theories and behavior models. First, the I3 model is compatible with the Planned Behavior Theory and Dual-Process Theory. In this sense, Finkel demonstrates the rationality of constructing I3 model by referring to the behavioral tendency of the Planned Behavior Theory and the behavior reaction of the Dual-Process Theory. Second, the I3 model has its own peculiarities as well as its superficial similarities with general behavioral models such as the "S-O-R'' model. Overall, Finkel tries to combine the research results and theoretical viewpoints under various mediating and regulating research paradigms to establish a grand theoretical system of human behavior. Third, in the same way, Finkel specifically analyzes the similarities and differences of I3 model with General Aggression Model and Goal Conflict Model in explaining the attack behavior and feeding behavior, thus revealing the uniqueness of I3 model. However, this model has the following problems: (1) From the perspective of the entire research system, this model is only a scientific theory and has not yet reached the level of a metatheory. (2) From the perspective of theoretical guidance, the model does not clearly explain the boundary conditions and scope of the theory, and does not consider the sources of other research questions. Although various main effects and interaction tests have been examined, it is still a data-driven test, and it does not reveal the actual interaction mechanism of these three forces; (3) From the practical application, the I3 model only focuses the individual behaviors, such as eating behaviors and aggressive behaviors, few researchers explore other individual behaviors and social behaviors, such as prosocial behaviors, learning behaviors, etc. There are also certain flaws in the interpretation of some specific behaviors and the explanation of some specific behaviors also has certain defects. Consequently, it is necessary to broaden the field of behavioral research on the I3 model in the future, not only to analyze the subtypes of the behavior and the types of behavior in different scenarios but also to explore the tendency and intention of the individual behavior; Secondly, we should apply the I3 model according to local condition, which needs to determine the type and quantity of factors combined with specific research problems, so as to achieve the results we want; Last but not least, we should integrate I3 model with other theories, and further explore the boundary conditions of I3 model. In summary, I3 model improves explanatory power of behavior theory to various behavior types and meets the current concern regarding behavioral research, such as behavior nudge and network behavior, and enriches theoretical support and theoretical framework for behavioral analysis.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： With the development of science, the internet has become an indispensable tool in college students' study and daily life. However, online aggressive behavior has become a much more serious problem for college students in recent few years. It is necessary to find out which factors have significant effects on online aggressive behavior of college students. According to the previous researches, the violent exposure was found to be able to predict aggressive behavior significantly. In addition, some theorists also have confirmed that ruminative responses and aggressive behavior are strongly related. However, as a special form of aggressive behavior, there was little research focused on online aggressive behavior and violent exposure. So the purposes of the present study is to explore the relationship between violent exposure, ruminative responses, internet moral and online aggressive behavior as well as the mechanism the effect of violent exposure on online aggressive behavior of college students.A total sample of 1000 college students from some universities was selected, with 326 males and 508 females, the average age was 20.74-year-old. All subjects were gathered in the class and finished the questionnaires within about 30 minutes. The questionnaires included the Violent Exposure Questionnaire (VEQ), Online Aggressive Behavior Scale (OABS), Ruminative Responses Scale (RSS), and the Internet Moral Questionnaire (IMQ). Data was collected and analyzed with SPSS 24.0, Amos 21.0 and Mplus 7.4, and the bias-corrected percentile Bootstrap method was used to analyze the role of ruminative responses and internet moral between violent exposure and college students' online aggressive behavior. A single factor analysis was calculated to test the common method variance. Results showed that the study was in-existent common method variance.The results show that: (1)The relationships between each pair of violent exposure, ruminative responses, internet moral and online aggressive behavior are correlated significantly and positively, the correlation coefficient ranges 0.07 from 0.96 (p < 0.01); (2)The structural equation model (SEM) reveals that the data fits the theoretical model well (c 2/df = 2.45, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.03, RMSEA = 0.04). (3) Violent exposure has a significant direct effect on online aggressive behavior (β = 0.29, p < 0.01); Violent exposure has a significant direct effect on ruminative responses (β = 0.23, p < 0.01); Ruminative responses has a significant direct effect on online aggressive behavior (β = 0.17, p < 0.01); Internet moral has a significant direct effect on online aggressive behavior (β = -0.17, p < 0.01); Interaction has a significant direct effect on online aggressive behavior (β = -0.17, p < 0.01). (4)Violent exposure has a significant indirect effect on online aggressive behavior through ruminative responses, and the confidence interval of 95% is [0.025, 0.061]; (5) Internet moral moderates the relation between violent exposure and online aggressive behavior of college students, that is, there is a significant positive relation between violent exposure and online aggressive behavior under the low internet moral level, however, there is a non-significant relation between violent exposure and online aggressive behavior under the high internet moral level. It is concluded that in the structural equation model of violent exposure on online aggressive behavior of college students, ruminative responses plays a partial mediating role and internet moral moderates the direct effect. These findings suggest some measures of prevention and treatment for college students’ online aggressive behavior should be taken. Schools and families should set up a good core self-evaluation system in order to help them improve their moral level and eradicate online aggressive behavior.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-02-27
Abstract： There is a phenomenon of intergenerational transmission of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Ample studies on intergenerational transmission of pro-environmental attitudes primarily focus on environmental values, environmental concern, sustainable consumer attitudes, while researches on intergenerational transmission of pro-environmental behaviors pay much attention to saving energy behaviors, green purchase behaviors, and recycling behaviors and reuse behaviors. The intergenerational transmission has three interdependent pathways of socialization: (1) parents influence their children, through modeling learning, parent-child communication, parent-child participation; (2) children influence their parents, that is, the process of reverse intergenerational transmission; (3) parents and children are influenced by the shared social and cultural environment, that is, the process of cultural acculturation. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the intergenerational transmission of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors in the context of Chinese culture, and explore its internal mechanism in depth.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-09-30
Abstract： In recent years, family resilience theory has become one of the most widely applied theories in the field of risk coping. Based on family stress theory and family systems theory, family resilience theory was proposed as a new model of stress coping by McCubbin, a clinical psychologist studying risk coping. After several major revisions, the theory has developed from a static characteristics model into a dynamic change theory andformed a theoretical system with extensive connotation and extension. In the early stage, family resilience theory was applied to topics such as trauma repair and stress coping. Later, it was applied to topics such as resilience. The theory has become a practical guide for clinical interventions. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the theory has become an important explanatory mechanism for the "crisis-adaptation" relationship at four levels: state, society, family, and individual. Applying family resilience theory to risk coping research also faces challenges from several sources. For example, meta-theoretical research, methodology, cross-cultural research, and social change. Future research should build a family resilience theoretical system with Chinese characteristics for these challenges, such as clarifying concepts and integrating models, using mixed methods and developing assessment index systems, and promoting localization of theories.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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