Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-27
Abstract： The eye effect refers to the significant changes in people’s behavior when presented with direct eye cues. Previous research has found that eye cues have several positive effects, such as increasing people’s prosocial behavior, reducing antisocial behavior, and increasing self-awareness. However, these effects are often unstable. Factors that lead to the instability of the eye effect include physiological characteristics of the eyes, emotional type, presentation time, direction of gaze, form of task interaction, number of people around, noise in the vicinity, individual self-awareness, group identity, and behavioral costs. The principles behind it can be summarized as reputation mechanism and rule mechanism. Explaining the reasons for the instability of the eye effect based on the influencing factors and psychological mechanisms perspectives can provide theoretical insights into its ability to produce stable benefits. Future research could further refine the types of eye cues to expand the scope of the study, incorporate cognitive neuroscience techniques to explore the neural mechanisms involved, conduct longitudinal comparisons at different developmental stages of individuals, and conduct field studies to improve the ecological validity of the research in this area.The eye effect refers to the significant changes in people’s behavior when presented with direct eye cues. Previous research has found that eye cues have several positive effects, such as increasing people’s prosocial behavior, reducing antisocial behavior, and increasing self-awareness. However, these effects are often unstable. Factors that lead to the instability of the eye effect include physiological characteristics of the eyes, emotional type, presentation time, direction of gaze, form of task interaction, number of people around, noise in the vicinity, individual self-awareness, group identity, and behavioral costs. The principles behind it can be summarized as reputation mechanism and rule mechanism. Explaining the reasons for the instability of the eye effect based on the influencing factors and psychological mechanisms perspectives can provide theoretical insights into its ability to produce stable benefits. Future research could further refine the types of eye cues to expand the scope of the study, incorporate cognitive neuroscience techniques to explore the neural mechanisms involved, conduct longitudinal comparisons at different developmental stages of individuals, and conduct field studies to improve the ecological validity of the research in this area.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-24
Abstract： Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics are the basic ethical principles of artificial intelligent robots. The ethic of robots is a significant factor that influences people’s trust in human-robot interaction. Yet how it affects people's trust, is poorly understood. In this article, we present a new hypothesis for interpreting the effect of robots’ ethics on human-robot trust—what we call the human-robot projection hypothesis (HRP hypothesis). In this hypothesis, people are based on their intelligence, e.g., intelligence for cognition, emotion, and action, to understand robots’ intelligence and interact with them. We propose that compared with robots that violate ethical principles, people project more mind energy (i.e., the level of mental capacity of humans) onto robots that abide by ethical principles, thus promoting human-robot trust. In this study, we conducted three experiments to explore how presenting scenarios where a robot abided by or violated Asimov’s principles would affect people’s trust in the robot. Meanwhile, each experiment corresponds to one of Asimov’s principles to explore the interaction effect of the types of robot’s decisions. Specifically, all three experiments were two by two experimental designs. The first within-subjects factor was whether the robot being interacted with had abided by Asimov’s principle with a “no harm” core element. The second within-subjects factor was the types of robot’s decision, with corresponding differences in Asimov’s principles among different experiments (Experiment 1: whether the robot takes action or not; Experiment 2: whether the robot obeys human’s order or not; Experiment 3: whether the robot protects itself or not). We assessed the human-robot trust by using the trust game paradigm. Experiments 1-3 consistently showed that people were more willing to trust robots that abided by ethical principles compared with those who violated. We also found that human-robot projection played a mediating role, which supports the HRP hypothesis. In addition, the significant interaction effects between the type of robot’s decision and robot abided by or violated Asimov’s principle existed in all three experiments. The results of Experiment 1 showed that action robots got more trust than inaction robots when abided by the first principle, whereas inaction robots got more trust than action robots when they violated the first principle. The results of Experiment 2 showed that disobeyed robots got less trust than obeyed robots. The detrimental effect was greater in scenarios where robots violated the second principle than in those who abided. The results of Experiment 3 showed that compared with robots that violated the third principle, the trust-promoting effect of protecting itself versus destroying itself was stronger among those who abided. The above results indicated that the reverse effects of decision types existed in both Experiments 1 and 3. Finally, the cross-experimental analysis showed that: (1) When robots abided by ethical principles, their inaction and disobedience still compromise human-robot trust. When robots violated ethical principles, their obedience incurs the least loss of human-robot trust, while their action and disobedience incur a relatively severe loss of human-robot trust. (2) When the ethical requirements of different robotic laws conflict, there was no significant difference between the importance of not harming humans and obeying human orders in terms of the human-robot trust, and both were more important than protecting robots themselves. This study helps to understand the impact of robotic ethical decision-making on human-robot trust and the important role of human-robot projection, which might have important implications for future research in human-robot interaction.
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