Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Soil Science submitted time 2024-03-13 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract： In the Loess Plateau of China, land-use pattern is a major factor in controlling underlying biological processes. Additionally, the process of land-use pattern was accompanied by abandoned lands, potentially impacting soil microbe. However, limited researches were conducted to study the impacts of land-use patterns on the diversity and community of soil microorganisms in this area. The study aimed to investigate soil microbial community diversity and composition using high-throughput deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing under different land-use patterns (apricot tree land, apple tree land, peach tree land, corn land, and abandoned land). The results showed a substantial difference (P<0.050) in bacterial alpha-diversity and beta-diversity between abandoned land and other land-use patterns, with the exception of Shannon index. While fungal beta-diversity was not considerably impacted by land-use patterns, fungal alpha-diversity indices varied significantly. The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota (34.90%), Proteobacteria (20.65%), and Ascomycota (77.42%) varied in soils with different land-use patterns. Soil pH exerted a dominant impact on the soil bacterial communities' composition, whereas soil available phosphorus was the main factor shaping the soil fungal communities' composition. These findings suggest that variations in land-use pattern had resulted in changes to soil properties, subsequently impacting diversity and structure of microbial community in the Loess Plateau. Given the strong interdependence between soil and its microbiota, it is imperative to reclaim abandoned lands to maintain soil fertility and sustain its function, which will have significant ecological service implications, particularly with regards to soil conservation in ecologically vulnerable areas.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Working memory training (WMT) induces neuroplasticity, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. In order to explore the spatio-temporal characteristics of brain function changes induced by WMT, the findings of 37 fMRI papers on WMT in normal population over the last 20 years were investigated with a step-by-step approach, including 5 methods and the following 6 steps, as well as with two assumptions based on the two theories— “Extended Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory” (ExtPFIT) and “neuro efficiency hypothesis”. Step 1, the changes of activation pattern and function connectivity in various brain regions before and after WMT among the 37 papers were compared using descriptive review, frequency analysis and Chi-square test. It was found that 5 association areas, 7 macro regions and 3 sub-regions of the brain were changed by WMT. Especially, the number of articles reporting decreased activation in 3 sub-regions—superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus was more than that reporting increased activation in them, and this difference was statistically significant. Step 2, 26 out of the 37 papers were used to conduct meta-analysis with activation likelihood estimation method, and it showed that 3 sub-regions with the statistically significant effects in their decreased activation were middle frontal gyrus (BA6 and 8), superior frontal gyrus (BA6) and anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24 and 32). Step 3, based on the comprehensive results of qualitative and quantitative research analyses, a spatio-temporal model of decreased distribution in brain regions of WMT was proposed, and there were 5 results and their discussions obtained with the said model. Step 4, 31 out of the 37 papers were analyzed using non-parametric tests to check the factors that possibly regulated the training effect of WMT, which showed that the respective effect of task type and time of the training on brain activation had statistically significant. Step 5, according to the above analyses, 3 conclusions were drawn regarding the spatio-temporal characteristics of the neuroplasticity induced by WMT in normal population, i.e. 1) WMT can either weaken or enhance the brain activities, and the weakening effect appears more prominent. In addition, updating and shorter time of WMT tend to induce more weakening effects; 2) Such changes occur mostly in the frontal-parietal association area, but also possibly in the temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cingulate gyrus, striatum and other association areas, which reflects the whole brain functional association within a certain range. It highlights the spatial characteristics of the neuroplasticity, which fits in easily with ExtPFIT; 3) The 4 sub-regions of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus (anterior in particular) in decreased activation mainly reflect the spatial characteristics of the neuroplasticity which fits in easily with “neural efficiency hypothesis” and “smarter brains may be slightly lazier”. Step 6, it was proposed that further research of the neuroplasticity induced by WMT was to possibly focus on low brain activity on its plasticity, distinguish the temporal characteristics of the training effect reflected in 4 sub-regions of middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus (anterior in particular), as well as to probe the comprehensive influencing factors that increase or decrease the brain activities.
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