Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-01-02
Abstract：
The fundamental issue regarding the difference between humans and animals has puzzled researchers in a broad range of academic fields and specializations. The ability to trade, which symbolizes the progress of human civilization, may be regarded as an important distinction between humans and animals. To sustain a trading activity, people need to deal with the possible issues of long-distance delivery (spatial choice), delayed delivery (intertemporal choice), and unfulfilled delivery (risky choice) in the exchange of goods.
These choices of different domains were well represented by the tangible (outcome) and intangible (probability/time/space) dimensions. Normally, the family of compensatory rules assumes that choice should be reached by comparing options which have been converted into the same units of quantity (Overall Payoff A vs. Overall Payoff B) in a way of “translating intangible elements into tangible ones” algorithm. Whereas, the family of non-compensatory rules assumes that choice should be reached by directly comparing values measured using different units of quantity (?Outcome A, B vs. ?Probability A, B /?Delay A, B /?Space A, B) in a way of “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” rule. To test whether human beings have the potential to deal with the intangible dimensions of the data, the present paper attempts to obtain evidence to support the “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” rules from a variety of decision tasks, which were formed by combing both tangible and intangible dimensions.
Study 1 aims to examine whether outcome difference between options and the probability/time/space difference between options were directly compared in three choice domains by using the eye-tracking technique. Our findings show that, from the group-level, decision makers perform a consistent dimension-based search pattern in the three domains, indicating that the decision processes are more dependent on a way of intra-dimensional comparison. From the individual-level, the vast majority of participants were classified as decision makers who using dimension-based strategy. Moreover, the two index we constructed, difference in gaze duration and difference in saccades frequency, could significantly predict the behavioral choice shift. Those results provide supporting evidence for dimensioned-based strategy in three choice domains.
However, Study 1 is still unable to answer the further question of whether the final decisions are reached through a process of comparing the eye movement information of ?Outcome A,B with ?Probability A,B /?Delay A,B /?Space A,B . Study 2 therefore borrows a Visual Analog Scale to further examine whether the ?Outcome A,B and ?Probability A,B /?Delay A,B /?Space A,B were treated in an equate-to-differentiate way in reaching the final decisions in three domains. Our findings indicate that the decisions can be made by the way of “intra-dimensional difference evaluation” prescribed by equate-to-differentiate theory.
The current paper provides supportive evidence for the comparison rule of “pitting intangible elements against tangible ones” and break a new ground different from the “translating intangible elements into tangible ones” algorithm. Future studies may consider the development of a general model to explain the choices of three different domains.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2022-03-06
Abstract：
[Objective] To explore the impact of coming out or not on the psychology of sexual minorities, and provide recommendations for sex education and the development of sexual minorities. [Methods] This study used Python and Octopus to crawl the data of Weibo users and Zhihu users, TextMind to obtain the word frequence characteristics of emotional words, and machine learning methods to obtain life satisfaction indicators, and compared the difference between the word frequency characteristics and life satisfaction indicators of the coming-out group and the non-coming-out group. [Results] The proportion of negative emotion words (t ＝ -3.043, p ＜ 0.01) and sad words (t ＝ -2.211, p ＜ 0.05) in the group of non-coming-out group was significantly higher than that of the coming-out group. The life satisfaction of the people who did not come out was significantly lower than that of the people who came out (t ＝ 5.078, p ＜ 0.001). [Limitations] The non-coming-out group in this study was insufficiently sampled, and the subjects were not screened by age, selected variables were few and horizontal research, which made the research not comprehensive enough. [Conclusion] Coming out can improve the life satisfaction of sexual minorities and promote the mental health of them. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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