Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Drug addicts have decision-making defects, and show the characteristics of impulsivity, risk-taking, dysfunctional reward processing, and lack of signals in bodies. Neuroimaging studies have shown that abuse of addictive drugs may cause damage to some brain areas such as DLPFC, ACC, OFC, VMPFC, Amygdala, Insula, etc, that may be incur addicts' decision-making defects. Cognitive training is beneficial to improve individuals' decision-making ability, for instance, goal management training and mindfulness meditation can improve working memory, promote self-awareness and goal oriented behavior; while, noninvasive brain stimulation can directly change the active state of addicts' brain regions that related to decision-making, hence, the cognitive function related to decision-making is improved. All in all, in the future cognitive training and noninvasive brain stimulation still have a broad space to expand in the aspect of addiction intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： How the childhood poverty influences cognitive aging remains controversial. Some studies have shown that childhood poverty can accelerate individual cognitive aging, but other studies have found that childhood poverty can delay individual cognitive aging, which is related to the moderation of social mobility. For poor individuals in childhood, low stability or the downward mobility of socioeconomic status will make the negative effects of adversity accumulate continuously, thus accelerating the cognitive aging of individuals. However, poor childhood individuals with high psychological resilience may promote upward socioeconomic mobility, which will increase the individual's cognitive reserve and enhance specific cognitive abilities, thus delaying cognitive aging. Future research in this field should explore the relationship between childhood subjective poverty and cognitive aging and the influence of childhood poverty on the aging of different cognitive abilities. It should also focus on the survivor bias effect in studies on the relationship between childhood poverty and cognitive aging in later life.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： It seems that it is an innate ability for an individual to recognize identity from voice, but some individuals have lost this ability, which is named phonagnosia. Phonagnosia refers to the presence of specific processing impairment for voice identity, while the cognitive processing ability of other voice information (such as gender, age and emotion) and face information is largely preserved. At present, it can be classified from two perspectives. On the one hand, from the perspective of brain injury of with or without, it can be divided into acquired phonagnosia with brain injury and developmental phonagnosia without brain injury; On the other hand, from the perspective of different stages of voice identity processing, it can be divided into apperceptive and associative phonagnosia. Firstly, the brain mechanism of acquired phonagnosia is mainly related to the structural and functional damage of the right inferior parietal lobe, right temporal voice areas, right temporal lobe and frontal lobe; Secondly, acquired associative phonagnosia is associated with brain damage in right subcortical, lenticular, caudate nuclei, and right temporal pole; Thirdly, developmental apperceptive phonagnosia is related to the injury of brain regions such as the Heschl’s gyrus and planum temporale; Fourthly, developmental associative phonagnosia is associated with decreased connections between the voice core system of the right middle or inferior temporal gyrus and the extended system located in the lateral part of the amygdala. In research prospects, Firstly, in terms of phonagnosia and filter, besides considering the challenges brought by different language backgrounds, we should pay more attention to the essence of phonagnosia, that is, the individual has defects in multiple stages of voice identity processing, including voice perception ability, voice familiarity judgment ability and semantic association ability; Secondly, As far as the scope of phonagnosia is concerned, future research should combine a variety of cognitive disorders, and use brain imaging technology and design experimental paradigms to separate these cognitive processing disorders, so as to clearly define voice agnosia and other mental disorders; Thirdly, as far as phonagnosia and cultural differences are concerned, on the one hand, the filtering phonagnosia is mostly due to the obstacles in the identity of familiar voice. However, due to different cultural backgrounds, there are differences in self-construction; Therefore, individuals in eastern and Western cultures are likely to be separated in the process of being familiar with the voice; Fourthly, in terms of phonagnosia and hearing conditions, future research can increase the difficulty of hearing conditions, which will make the healthy individuals appear the phenomenon of phonagnosia. At the same time, the behavior performance and corresponding brain area of the patients with phonagnosia can be compared with healthy individuals.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Eating behavior is not only regulated by the biological needs of people, but is also affected by emotional states, motivations, diseases, and more. There is a complex relationship between emotion and eating behavior. Consuming food can influence people's emotion. On the other hand, food attention, subjective appetite, and food intake can be influenced by emotion. Many studies have focused on emotional eating due to negative emotions. However, fewer studies focus on the effect that positive emotion has on eating behavior. The relationship between positive emotion and eating behavior is still controversial, as the relationship is underrepresented in research. The present study analyzed the eating behavior of clinical and non-clinical individuals who were affected by negative or positive emotions, and further explored the neurophysiology of eating behaviors and the various theories of the effect that emotions have on eating behaviors. The results showed that negative emotion increased attentional bias and intake for food and subjective appetite in the general population. This process was also affected by other factors; for example, modest women may restrict their food intake while experiencing negative emotions, so they may regain a sense of control which would offset the unpleasant feelings they were experiencing. In this study, there were two results regarding the effect that positive emotion has on eating behaviors. One theory was that positive emotions broaden momentary thought-action repertoires of people, which in turn builds their endurance. This leads us to believe that people resist food intake after positive emotion is induced. However, contrarily, positive emotion could increase hedonistic behavior in people, thus increasing food intake to maintain the experience of pleasure. Negative emotion increased both attention bias for food cues and subsequent intake in people with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders. Negative emotion causes decreased food intake in people suffering from anorexia nervosa. Positive emotion decreased binge eating in people with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders and relieved restrictive eating behaviors in people with anorexia nervosa. According to the reward theory, negative emotion can enhance reward sensitivity toward food. Following increased food intake, this process may show a synergy effect in the amygdala, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Negative emotion ruins the inhibitory control of individuals, meaning that they may begin to overeat, in association with the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex. According to self-related theory, negative emotion induces negative self-awareness. People can show attention bias due to immediate environmental stimulus, as overeating is meant to help people escape from their own negative self-awareness. Placing their attention on binge eating allows people with bulimia or other binge eating disorders to avoid dealing with information or environmental stimulus that may be hurtful. From the perspective of social culture, most eating behaviors with positive emotion have some special or celebratory meaning which increases the hedonic-oriented eating behavior of the individual. In general, the association between emotion and eating behavior has a certain regularity to follow. In the study, during a negative emotion, an individual’s eating behavior manifested in an extreme, unhealthy pattern, whether that meant an increased or decreased food intake. This study found a direct association between emotion and eating behavior; However, social culture, symbolism and connotation of certain foods, and an individual’s default eating styles (disinhibited and restrained eating) should be considered alongside the influence that emotion has on eating behaviors. In addition, most past studies self-reported food intake and subjective appetite as recorded by the individuals as the measurement. Future studies should adopt neuro-physiological methods to explore the effect of emotion on eating behavior and study a small set of neurons in the hypothalamus which regulates appetite, for example.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Mathematical ability is an important component of children's academic achievement and critical to individual development. Executive function, as an essential cognitive ability, is a core cognitive element that supports children's mathematical processing. However, there have only been a few studies focusing on the effects of each component of executive function on different mathematical abilities (mathematical operation, spatial imagination, and logical thinking). Primary school is the key period during which children acquire basic mathematical ability. However, limited studies have examined the developmental relationships between the various components of executive function and the different mathematical abilities of children at different grade levels. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of each component of executive function in the different mathematical abilities of children at different grade levels.A total of 812 children in grades 3, 4, 5, and 6 completed tests covering mathematical operations, spatial imagination, and logical thinking to measure their basic mathematical ability. The Stroop task and the GO/NOGO task were used to measure interference inhibition and response inhibition. Children's working memory span was assessed using forward and backward digit span tasks. Children's working memory updating was investigated using simple and difficult digital updating tasks. Children's cognitive flexibility was examined using digit shifting tasks. Finally, a correlation analysis and a structural equation model (SEM) were used to investigate the impact of each component of executive function on children's mathematical abilities at different grade levels.The results revealed that working memory was the most important factor affecting children's mathematical skills, over inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, working memory span was the most statistically significant predictor of ability with respect to mathematical operations, while working memory updating was a stronger predictor of spatial imagination and logical thinking ability from grade 3 to grade 6. In a further analysis of the data, we divided the four grades into two stages, with grades 3 and 4 set as the younger group and grades 5 and 6 set as the older group. The results showed working memory span to be the most important predictor of mathematical operation ability, spatial imagination ability, and logical thinking ability in the junior grades. In the older students, the predictive effect of working memory span on basic math ability dropped, and the effects of working memory updating and cognitive flexibility on basic math ability increased.These results indicate that different components of executive function play various roles in different mathematical abilities in school-age children, and that this pattern of influence appears to change as children progress through the grades. Specifically, the lower-order components of executive function components, specifically working memory span, were found to play an important role in the development of three mathematical abilities in younger students, while the higher-order executive function components, specifically working memory updating and cognitive flexibility, were found to play a more important role in processing mathematical tasks in older students.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2021-02-25
Abstract： Background: Previous laboratory studies have shown that an individual’s response in the current trial can be influenced by a previous trial, and this has been described as an effect of trial history. Existing studies have shown that there is a trial history effect with visual spatial inhibition of return (IOR), and some studies have shown that changes in stimulus modalities also affect reaction times (RTs). The present study used the “prime-neutral cue-target” paradigm to examine the trial history effect in cross-modal, non-spatial IOR and attempted to decrease the trial history effect. Method: In two experiments, we mainly manipulated the cue-target modalities in the current trial (auditory-visual vs. visual-auditory modalities), cue validity in the current trial (cued vs. uncued) and cue validity in the previous trial (cued vs. uncued). Thirty participants were recruited in Experiment 1. The visual prime cue was a red or blue disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory prime cue was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\hong\ or \lan\). The visual neutral cue was a green disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory neutral cue was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\lv\); The visual target was a red or blue disk with a radius of 2° visual angle, and the auditory target was a verbal sound in Chinese at 75 dB (\hong\ and \lan\). During the experiment, each trial began with a 400 ms fixation cross in the centre of the monitor, and a 300 ms visual or auditory prime cue was followed by a 200 ms fixation cross. After the 300 ms visual or auditory neutral cue, another fixation cross was presented for 300 ms, and then a 300 ms auditory or visual target was presented. The participants were asked to discriminate the identity of the target(i.e., either a colour disk or vocalization of \hong\or \lan\) within 1500 ms. Following a 1500 ms intertrial interval (ITI) with a blank screen, the next trial was initiated. Twenty-nine participants were recruited in Experiment 2, the ITI was 4500 ms, and the other parameters were identical to those in Experiment 1. Results: Regarding the RTs results, Experiment 1 showed that the RTs for cued targets in the current trial were larger than RTs for uncued targets, which was a colour-based non-spatial IOR. The IOR effect size in the current trial showed an interaction between the cue validity in the previous trial and the cue-target modality in the current trial. The IOR effect size on the current trial after a valid cue trial was larger than the IOR effect size with an invalid cue in the previous trial when the current trial was a visual cue and auditory target; however, there was no difference in the IOR effect size when the cue was auditory, and the target was visual in the current trial. Furthermore, the analysis of the target modality across trials revealed that the valid cue, but not the invalid cue, in the previous trial, could induce a larger IOR effect size in the current trial with visual cues. A longer ITI (4500 ms) was used in Experiment 2 compared to Experiment 1, and the results showed that there was a difference in the IOR effect size in the current trial between the visual cues and auditory cues in the current trial. The IOR effect size in the current trial was not influenced by the validity of the previous trial or whether the current trial had auditory cues or visual cues. Conclusion: These results suggested an interaction between trials on cross-modal non-spatial IOR, but the effect was related to the cue-target modality. There was not only the cue validity effect across trials but also the target modality switch effect between trials. Increasing the time interval between trials can reduce the effect of the previous trial on the IOR effect size in the current trial."
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 关于物体重量认知的研究是探讨儿童整个认知发展的重要途径之一。本文通过两个实验考察了美国和中国儿童利用语言标签基于重量进行归纳推理的发展特点及跨文化一致性。实验人员利用语言标签提示三个外部知觉特征完全相似物体中的一个物体, 随后要求儿童从剩余两个物体中选择一个他们认为和目标物体共享语言标签的物体。研究考察儿童是否能够基于物体的内在属性重量进行类别判断。结果显示：(1) 4岁和5岁儿童以重量进行归纳推理显著高于3岁儿童, 4岁和5岁儿童之间的差异不显著; (2) 美国和中国4岁和5岁儿童的表现均显著高于随机水平, 3岁儿童与随机水平没有显著差异; (3) 美国2岁儿童的表现边缘低于随机水平, 6岁儿童显著高于随机水平。总之, 儿童利用语言标签进行基于重量的归纳推理随年龄增长而发展; 美国和中国儿童在发展特点及年龄转折上具有跨文化一致性, 4岁儿童具备了利用语言标签进行基于物体内在属性归纳推理的能力。
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