Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： In 2015, the United Nations adopted the Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in which land degradation neutrality (LDN) is one of the important targets of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 15.3). However, due to varies indicative symptoms of land degradation in different climatic/geographical zones and land use types, the complexity of factors affecting land degradation or improvement, and the limits of spatial and temporal scope to define land degradation, for a long time, there was lack of common accepted methodology to identify land degradation, and short of key data set to establish reference baselines, and measure progress of SDG 15.3, which hinders the realization of SDG 15.3 by 2030. As a typical representative of a data-intensive scientific paradigm, Big Earth Data provides the possibility to solve this data gap. Focusing on two important aspects of SDG 15.3 reporting, namely baseline determination and progress monitoring, this article introduces the key challenges we faced, the potential of Big Earth Data and the practices we have taken. Finally, the prospects for harnessing Big Earth Data to facilitate SDG 15.3 in the future are outlined.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Desert Ecosystem Research Network in China now is consist of 26 national ecological stations, the network layout covers the eight major deserts, the four major sandy lands, the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the karst and other special environments, and undertakes the tasks of positioning observation, monitoring and evaluation, scientific research, demonstration services and base construction of desert ecosystems in China by more than 20 years’ establishment. Relying on the network of ecological stations, large desert and Gobi comprehensive scientific investigations are organized to fill the final blank of desert scientific research in China; the Chinese scheme of comprehensive desertification control is explored, the classical models of the four typical regions are integrated, and industry and discipline standards are formulated. In the new era, the network of desert ecological stations should be based on the advantages of the industry, strengthen the network-connected cooperation, optimize the layout of the network, improve observation technology, expand the scale of research, face the major strategic needs of the country, serve regional social and economic development, answer social and scientific concerns, and provide all-round scientific and technological support for the achievement of the 2030 sustainable development goals.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Desert is the typical original ecosystem in arid and semi-arid zones of China and is characterized by its unique structure, functions and services. This study, based on the national forestry standard Assessment Criteria of Desert Ecosystem Services in China and the fifth National Desertification and Sandification Monitoring data, first estimated the total value of China’s desert ecosystem services in 2014 to be 4227.9 billion CNY (in 2014 prices), of which, wind break and sand fixation, hydrological regulation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration consisted of 40.1%, 24.2%, 18.1% and 17.0%, respectively, and biodiversity conservation and landscape recreation together accounted for less than 1%. By eliminating the impacts of price change, the real value of China’s desert ecosystem services was increased by 120.2 billion CNY (in 2014 prices) from 2009 to 2014, of which improvement in wind break and sand fixation service contributed the most (by 47.5%). We tried to measure the equilibrium degree of ecological protection and economic growth by the ratio of ecosystem service value to GDP. The ratios of the provincial regions wholly or partly covered by desert ecosystem all decreased during 2009 and 2014, with a decrease range between 19.4% and 38.8%, which indicates that the speed of desert ecosystem function raising and service enhancement was slower than regional economic growth. The protection and rehabilitation of desert ecosystem needs to be accelerated along with economic growth, thus a higher equilibrium degree of economic growth and function raising and service enhancement of desert ecosystem can be achieved in the northwestern arid and semi-arid regions in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Desertification, since initial recognition in 1927 and common definition in 1992, through its vicissitudes, is still one of the serious global environmental issues face the world and exists as the bottleneck of the development. Desertification threats the terrestrial ecological security and limits the sustainability of socio-economic development. In consideration of the impacts of desertification, an “Earth Cancer” and a persistent disease, the authors contribute four prescriptions of “good medicines” for the global initiatives to combat desertification, on the basic framework of Chinese strategies and experiences of “four horizontal beams and eight pillars”, in line with the 15.3 goal of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); namely, development of Protocol of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and unification of Weights and Measures” (benchmarks and indicators) of the implementation and compliance of the UNCCD; setting up of global observation network to monitor the area change of dryland change; compilation of global natural desert (heritage) directory to leave behind landscape of aboriginal sand sea for future generations; initiation of “global governance action to combat desertification” to strive for achieving the target of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) at 2030.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-20 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：
: β diversity reflects the different composition of species between communities and is prevalent topic in ecological research. Based on the community survey sites in Beishan and Manongshan areas of Dunhuang of Bray-Curtis index of 79 plants, this study analyzed the relationship between community and climatic factors, soil factors and geographical distance. The results showed a geographical decay pattern of plant communities in the Beishan and Manongshan areas of Dunhuang, and the β diversity was dominated by βsim. The β diversity and its turnover components were significantly affected by climate, soil, and geographical distance. Multiple regression analysis (MRM) showed that climate, and soil factors and geographical distance affected β diversity and its turnover components differently, and the effects of climate and soil factors were more important than the geographical distance. These results indicated that β diversity of plant community species in the Beishan and Manongshan areas of Dunhuang resulted from habitat filtration and dispersal restriction. Species composition of communities differed greatly, and habitat filtration accounted for a large proportion of species turnover
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-22 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：通过了解乌兰布和沙漠典型灌木群落多样性及主要优势种的生态位特征，对完善和科学保育植物群落的多样性具有重要意义。分析表明：① 研究区8个典型灌木群落多样性Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度Margalef指数依次均为：沙冬青群落>白刺群落>红砂群落>油蒿群落>驼绒藜群落>梭梭群落>盐爪爪群落>霸王群落；均匀度Pielou指数以红砂群落最高，梭梭群落最低；Shannon-Wiener、Margalef 和Pielou指数的范围分别为1.050~1.795、0.306~1.197和0.487~0.727，且各群落间存在差异。② 白刺的重要值和生态位宽度均最大，说明其适应能力强，分布范围大，作为乌兰布和沙漠植被群落中的广域种具有重要的生态地位和作用。优势物种间的生态位重叠值多数较小，小于0.5的占总种对的85.26%。③ 乌兰布和沙漠优势物种间总体呈不显著的正关联，大部分灌木群落类型间Jaccard相似性在0.30~0.60，表明该植被群落结构及其物种之间处于稳定共存的状态。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-21 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：内蒙古乌海市矿区沙(粉)尘污染严重，测定该地区典型尘源物质的起动风速、风蚀率，对研究该地区近地表输沙率、风蚀量预测与沙尘天气预报有重要作用。本研究以裸沙、壤质砂土、粉煤灰、焦煤、煤矸石5种典型尘源物质为对象，通过风洞试验测定其起动风速、风蚀率，通过室内实验测定尘源物质的容重、粒径分布，分析各因素对其影响，并研究含水率变化与风蚀特征之间的关系。结果显示：① 尘源物质起动风速依次为：裸沙>壤质砂土>焦煤>煤矸石>粉煤灰；裸沙风蚀率随风速呈线性增长趋势，壤质砂土、粉煤灰、焦煤呈幂函数增长趋势，煤矸石增长趋势接近于指数函数；② 尘源物质粒度组成相差较大情况下，较轻的物质更易起动，粒度组成相近情况下，粒径分布、中值粒径较小、难蚀颗粒分布频率高的物质抗蚀性更大；③ 裸沙、焦煤、煤矸石的起动风速与含水率呈正幂函数关系，壤质砂土、粉煤灰在含水率2%~4%、1.46%~4.16%时起动风速无明显变化；裸沙、焦煤、煤矸石的含水阈值在3%、4%、饱和含水率左右，壤质砂土、粉煤灰风蚀率与含水率呈负指数关系；④ 焦煤、煤矸石可通过提高含水率抑制风蚀，裸沙、壤质砂土、粉煤灰需结合环境与影响因素之间的关系合理布置防治措施。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-04-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：利用柴达木盆地8个气象站1960—2014年气温和降水的日值数据，分析该区域极端气候的时空变化趋势、周期特征及极端降水对南亚季风和西风环流变化的响应。结果表明：1960—2014年柴达木盆地极端温度总体表现出显著的变暖趋势，变化幅度在空间上表现为由西向东逐渐降低；极端降水频率、降水量和降水强度均有所增加，但中西部地区变化速率远小于东部，仅连续无雨日数通过了显著性检验。平均温差、霜冻日数、冷夜日数的周期特征较弱，结冰日数和生长季日数的显著周期都有变长的趋势，而最低气温的显著周期有变短趋势；极端降水指标均有显著的周期特征，其中连续无雨日数和最大5日降水量的显著周期有变短趋势。同时，南亚季风环流与各极端降水指标间相关振荡的凝聚性很强，具有较强的关联性；而西风环流只与普通日降水强度存在着较强的共振关系。研究结果可为柴达木盆地可持续发展和生态环境保护提供理论与实践参考。
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2017-03-08 Cooperative journals: 《生态学报》
Abstract：气候和土地利用变化是影响水资源变化最直接的因素。应用SWAT模型对干旱半干旱区小流域宁夏清水河流域径流进行多情景模拟预测，以历史气候要素变化趋势和CA-Markov模型分别设置未来气候和土地利用变化情景，以决定系数R2和Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数Ens（Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient）来衡量模拟值与实测值之间的拟合度，并评价模型在清水河流域的适用性。结果表明，韩府湾站在校准期和验证期的R2分别为0.80和0.71，Ens分别为0.77和0.69，泉眼山站在校准期和验证期的R2分别为0.66和0.63，Ens分别为0.62和0.56，表明构建的SWAT模型可以用于清水河流域的径流模拟。对未来气候和土地利用变化情景下径流的模拟结果显示，径流变化主要由降水变化主导，降水减少和气温升高的综合作用对流域径流变化影响最为显著；由于耕地和建设用地的增加，未来3种土地利用情景下流域径流量将均会呈现明显增加变化。与2010年相比，到2020年，自然增长情景流域径流将增加17.04%，林地保护情景径流将增加14.44%，规划情景径流将增加13.98%；综合降水、气温和土地利用的结合变化情景显示，未来流域径流将会有不同程度的下降，规划情景和气候变化的结合情景的径流下降最为明显，而有意增大林地和加强生态保护的林地保护情景对减缓流域径流下降具有一定作用。在气候变化的大背景下，根据水资源利用管理目标，可通过调整流域管理措施，特别是土地利用变化和改善区域小气候来减缓气候变化对流域水资源的负面效果，以此来改善流域径流和生态环境状况。
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