Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-24
Abstract： Studies showed that death awareness may promote or hinder prosocial behavior. This study simultaneously explored and compared the effects and mechanisms of different death awarenesses—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behavior, and revealed the positive and negative effect mechanisms of death awareness on prosocial behavior. Based on the dual-existence system model of death awareness, this study explored the effects of the negative and positive aspects of death awareness—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behaviors and their mechanisms through two studies: a questionnaire survey and a laboratory experiment. Study 1 measured participants’ death anxiety, death reflection, and prosocial behavioral tendencies through relevant scales, and initially explored the predictive effects of death anxiety and death reflection on prosocial tendencies, as well as the role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values in them. Study 2 applied experimental methods and selected public goods game situations and real donation situations in prosocial behavior to examine the impact of death awarenesses on prosocial behavior, and continued to verify the mediating role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values. Meanwhile, Study 2 set up different donation situations to examine the boundary conditions when individuals with different death awarenesses implement prosocial behaviors, and once again verified the psychological mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the DR (Death Reflection) group, MS (Mortality Salience) group, and TR (Toothache Control) group and were required to complete the public goods game (PGG). Afterwards, the participants left the laboratory and participated in the donation activities outside the laboratory (to prevent them from feeling that the donation activities were part of the experiment). Differences in cooperation and donation behavior between participants under different manipulation conditions were compared. The results were observed as follows: 1) Death anxiety negatively predicted or reduced participants’ prosocial behavioral tendencies and behaviors; death reflection positively predicted or increased participants’ prosocial tendencies and behaviors. 2) The impact of death reflection and death anxiety on prosocial behavior was a dual-path mediating mechanism: self-enhancement values played a mediating role in the impact of death anxiety on prosocial behavior, and self-transcendence values played a mediating role in the impact of death reflection on prosocial behavior. 3) Donation context moderated the effects of death reflection and death anxiety on donation behavior. In the public donation situation, the donation amount of the participants in the death anxiety group was higher, while in the anonymous donation situation, participants donated more in the death reflection group. The donation context positively and negatively moderated the two mediating paths between death awareness and prosocial behavior respectively. This study measured, distinguished and compared the impact and mechanism of the specific cognitive states of death awareness—death anxiety and death rumination—on prosocial behavior, and proposes a “dual-path” mediating mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. The “dual path” model provides supporting evidence for the dual existence system model, expands the research on the social adaptability of death awareness, and provides new ideas for research on the positive direction of death.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-10-28
Abstract： Numerous entrepreneurial firms fail. Most entrepreneurs who experience entrepreneurial failure quit entrepreneurship and return to the labor market in search of a paid job. Job-seeking not only is a turning point in an entrepreneur’s own recovery from entrepreneurial failure but also potentially avoids wastage of society’s entrepreneurial resources. However, although it is a common phenomenon, theoretical research on job-seeking among entrepreneurs who have failed has been limited. Grounded in impression management theory, this study explored entrepreneurs’ social motivations to manage failure and constructed an integrated framework to examine how they use impression management strategies in their subsequent job-seeking. The study focused on three issues: (1) tracing the unique definition and structure of entrepreneurs’ impression management strategies after entrepreneurial failure, in which two core dimensions of impression management strategies—assertive and defensive strategies—were proposed; (2) revealing how the nature of an entrepreneurial failure event affects subsequent impression management strategies; and (3) unraveling the mechanism by which impression management strategies influence job-seeking outcomes using signaling theory. This study clarifies the hitherto opaque process leading from entrepreneurial failure to success in job-seeking among entrepreneurs.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Who donates more generously between high and low social classes? Existing studies have provided different answers. One potential reason is that prior research fails to distinguish between categories of survival and developmental donation. We conducted five studies to examine the differences in donor behaviour between high and low social classes in terms of preference for survival or developmental categories of donation and the underlying mechanisms involved in this decision.In Study 1, we manipulated participants' relative sense of social class by comparing them with the highest or lowest class and measured their preference for survival and developmental donations. Results found that participants with a sense of high social class were more likely to choose developmental donations, whereas those with a sense of low social class were more likely to choose survival donations. In Study 2, we measured the participant's' true social class, their tendency to regulatory focus, and their preference between survival and development donations. Results found that those of high social class chose more developmental donations, whereas those of low social class chose more survival donations. Additionally, those of a higher social class had a higher promotion focus and lower prevention focus; thus, they preferred developmental donations, which supports the regulatory focus explanation. In Study 3, we adopted a between-subject design and measured participants' true social class and their own survival or development demand, as well as their preference for survival or development donations. Results revealed that only the index of subjective social class and not objective social class showed a consistent tendency with Studies 1 and 2. The survival or development demand of high/low social class did not predict the participants' own survival and development donations, which did not support the demand migration explanation. In Study 4, we set up survival and development items with prevention/promotion focus representation to separate the regulatory focus and demand migration explanations. We observed that subjective social classes' choice preferences changed with representations of regulatory focus, rather than such individuals consistently choosing survival or developmental items owing to the migration of requirements. In Study 5, we set up different representations (regulatory focus × intertemporal orientation) of survival and developmental items to test whether participants' preferences changed with representations of regulatory focus motivation or intertemporal orientation. The results showed that when developmental items were characterized as a long-term-promoted focus, high subjective social class individuals preferred developmental donations, whereas low subjective social class individuals preferred survival donations when survival items were characterized as a short-term-preventive focus. When developmental items were characterized as a long-term-preventive focus, low subjective social class individuals preferred developmental donations, whereas high social class individuals preferred survival donations when survival items were characterized as a short-term-promoted focus. These results suggest that subjective social classes' preference for survival/developmental donation changes with the representation of regulatory focus motivation but is not consistent with the representation of intertemporal orientation; this supports the regulatory focus explanation and rejects the demand migration explanation and intertemporal preference explanation.These findings provide new insights into donation contradictions, variable mechanisms for donation between high and low social classes, and the precise motivations for providing survival and developmental donations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The term descriptive norms refers to the influence of most peoples’ practices on the attitudes and behaviors of others. This study attempted to use descriptive norms to promote the willingness of participants to donate blood voluntarily and engage in other blood-donation behaviors. The study consisted of two similar experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of descriptive norms on blood donation and found that descriptive norms increased participants’ willingness to donate blood, but not their actual donation of blood. Given the results of Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was designed to increase blood-donation activity by sending participants “short message service” reminders. However, Experiment 2 also found no increase in the participants’ blood-donation activity. These two experiments consistently demonstrated that descriptive norms promoted participants’ willingness to donate blood voluntarily but did not promote their actual donation of blood. The paper discusses possible reasons for these results.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-07-05
Abstract： Distortion of doctor-patient communication often leads to high misdiagnosis rate and conflict. Although prior studies have proposed concrete representational model and abstract representational model of risk communication, there are still many contradictions or inconsistencies. Based on construct level theory, we proposed a mixed model of event experience and probability experience by matching doctor-patient role and information, to reconcile contradictions and provide countermeasures: the distortion of risk can be reduced by communicating abstract representational risk with doctors and communicating concrete representational risk with patients. Further research needs to focus on individual differences, ecological validity, and communication tools of such matching effect.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-03-18
Abstract：
In the past decade, unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has been a hot topic in the organizational behavior field. Compared to the research on the formation mechanisms of UPB, the studies on the effects of UPB are still rather limited and mainly focus on the effect of leader UPB on employees and the effect of UPB on self-aware actors. Learning from and inspired by some views of correspondent inference theory and social cognitive theory, we develop a social interaction model of UPB between coworkers. This model, in which both actors and observers are employees, proposes that after observing actors conducting UPB, observers will expect the effect of UPB on actors and attribute motives to UPB, which, then affected by observers’ integrity, may trigger relevant psychological and behavioral reactions of observers. Furthermore, after receiving observers’ behavioral reactions, actors will interpret the intentions underlying beneath observers’ feedback, which then will affect the behavior changes of actors. In the end, we put forward some future research directions of this theoretical model in terms of observers’ moral judgment to UPB, cognitive appraisals related to the unethical attribute of UPB, and the internal mechanisms of behavior changes of UPB actors.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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