Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：本研究考察对他人可信程度的感知是否会影响对该人物面孔长相的表征及其潜在的机制。实验1让被试形成目标人物可信或不可信的印象。随后利用反相关图像分类技术将被试对目标人物面孔的心理表征可视化。结果发现无论目标人物是男性还是女性, 高可信度的目标人物与更具吸引力和积极特质的面孔表征相关。实验2从一批新的被试中可视化了可信和不可信群体的面孔表征的特征, 并与实验1中获得的目标人物的面孔表征的特征做相似性分析, 发现被描述为可信(或不可信)的目标人物的面孔表征特征与可信(或不可信)群体的面孔表征特征有更多的相似性, 说明当人们得知他人是可信(或不可信)时, 会把脑海中的对应图式特征叠加到该人物的面孔物理特征上, 从而重塑面孔表征。本研究说明自上而下的加工方式在面孔表征形成中扮演了重要作用。
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-09-26
Abstract： Sleep-dependent memory consolidation is the process by which the brain reprocesses and reinforces newly learned information or skills during sleep, making memories more stable and lasting. Sleep is essential for transforming newly learned short-term memory into more stable and lasting long-term memory. The role of sleep in consolidating memory depends on the type of memory. Furthermore, different stages and characteristics of sleep have different effects on different types of memory consolidation. Changes in the EEG characteristics of sleep (such as spindle wave, slow wave amplitude, etc.) maybe related to the effect of memory consolidation in infants and toddlers. Based on adult studies, recent studies on infants and toddlers have found that sleep plays a vital role in consolidating memory even in the early stages of individual development. Infants and toddlers who sleep after learning show significantly better learning outcomes and can solve problems more effectively and quickly than those who do not sleep in the control group. Based on two different types of memory, declarative memory and procedural memory, this paper introduces the behavior of sleep-dependent memory consolidation in infants and the progress of brain research, so as to help grasp the effect of sleep on memory consolidation in infants and toddlers.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-05-01
Abstract： This study examined whether the perception of an individual’s trustworthiness influenced the mental representation of that face and its underlying mechanisms.
In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to develop an opinion about a target person’s trustworthiness, perceiving him/her as either trustworthy or untrustworthy. Then, the reverse correlation image classification technology was employed to visualize participants’ mental representations of the target person’s face. The results showed that regardless of the target person’s gender, those described as highly trustworthy were associated with more positive and attractive facial representations.
In Experiment 2, group’s facial mental representation features of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces were compared with those of the target person from Experiment 1. The results revealed that the face representation features of the target people described as trustworthy (or untrustworthy) had more similarities with those of trustworthy (or untrustworthy) groups.
The findings indicated that when people perceive an individual as trustworthy (or untrustworthy), they would superimpose the corresponding schema features in their minds on the physical characteristics of the perceived individual’s face, leading to a reconfiguration of the face representation. Overall, our study underscores the importance of top-down factors in shaping face representations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Receiving negative social feedback, e.g., social rejection, criticism, can bring social pain. Unable to forget such painful experiences often results in sustained mental distress, thereby contributing to the onset of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we asked when people received negative social feedback, whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and distraction would relieve social pain and facilitate forgetting of unwanted social feedback. Besides, we examined whether and how individual differences in depressive symptoms may influence the neural activity and behavioral benefits of emotion regulation. During the experiment, participants received positive and negative social feedback about their personality that were claimed to be from their peers. While reading social feedback, participants were instructed to either naturally watch or actively down-regulate their negative emotions using either cognitive reappraisal or distraction strategy, with electroencephalograms (EEGs) being recorded. Subsequently, participants completed a surprise recall test during which they verbally recall the feedback upon seeing photos of peers from the previous session. We also measured participants’ self-evaluation and attitudes towards peers. Memory about social feedback, self-evaluation and attitudes toward peers were measured immediately after, and in 24 hours again to examine possible long-term benefits of emotion regulation. Participants’ EEG activities during emotion regulation were examined using both the event-related potential (ERP) and the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction attenuated negative emotion and promoted forgetting of negative social feedback. Importantly, the mnemonic benefits of emotion regulation, i.e., forgetting of negative social feedback, were still evident on Day 2 after a 24-hour delay. In addition, participants' depression level significantly moderated the whole brain EEG activity patterns involved in different emotion regulatory strategies. Specifically, in the low-depression group, frontal-central EEG activity distinguished between watch and reappraisal conditions within 2~5 s, with the decoding accuracy predicted participants' subsequent memory performance. Whereas in the high-depression group, the whole-brain EEG activity patterns could distinguish between watch and distraction conditions within 2~3 s post-feedback. Moreover, the amplitude of central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) under the distraction condition were negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, suggesting that participants with higher depressive symptoms might be more effective in using distraction to regulate negative emotion than their low-depression counterparts. Together, these results demonstrate that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies could alleviate social pain and facilitate forgetting of negative social feedback. Moreover, distraction may be a more suitable regulatory strategy particularly among individuals with high levels of depression. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the relationship between emotion and memory from the perspectives of social cognition and motivated forgetting; and provides insights for the alleviation of social pain using emotion regulation strategies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-04
Abstract：
Receiving negative social feedback, e.g., social rejection, criticism, can bring social pain. Unable to forget such painful experiences often results in sustained mental distress, thereby contributing to the onset of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we asked when people received negative social feedback, whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and distraction would relieve social pain and facilitate forgetting of unwanted social feedback. Besides, we examined whether and how individual differences in depressive symptoms may influence the neural activity and behavioral benefits of emotion regulation.
During the experiment, participants received positive and negative social feedback about their personality that were claimed to be from their peers. While reading social feedback, participants were instructed to either naturally watch or actively down-regulate their negative emotions using either cognitive reappraisal or distraction strategy, with electroencephalograms (EEGs) being recorded. Subsequently, participants completed a surprise recall test during which they verbally recall the feedback upon seeing photos of peers from the previous session. We also measured participants’ self-evaluation and attitudes towards peers. Memory about social feedback, self-evaluation and attitudes toward peers were measured immediately after, and in 24 hours again to examine possible long-term benefits of emotion regulation. Participants’ EEG activities during emotion regulation were examined using both the event-related potential (ERP) and the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA).
Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction attenuated negative emotion and promoted forgetting of negative social feedback. Importantly, the mnemonic benefits of emotion regulation, i.e., forgetting of negative social feedback, were still evident on Day 2 after a 24-hour delay. In addition, participants' depression level significantly moderated the whole brain EEG activity patterns involved in different emotion regulatory strategies. Specifically, in the low-depression group, frontal-central EEG activity distinguished between watch and reappraisal conditions within 2-5 s, with the decoding accuracy predicted participants' subsequent memory performance. Whereas in the high-depression group, the whole-brain EEG activity patterns could distinguish between watch and distraction conditions within 2-3 s post-feedback. Moreover, the amplitude of central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) under the distraction condition were negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, suggesting that participants with higher depressive symptoms might be more effective in using distraction to regulate negative emotion than their low-depression counterparts.
Together, these results demonstrate that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies could alleviate social pain and facilitate forgetting of negative social feedback. Moreover, distraction may be a more suitable regulatory strategy particularly among individuals with high levels of depression. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the relationship between emotion and memory from the perspectives of social cognition and motivated forgetting; and provides insights for the alleviation of social pain using emotion regulation strategies.
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