Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Visual working memory (VWM) and selective attention are two essential topics of investigation in the field of cognitive psychology. Previous studies have suggested that object-based attention selection modes may be present during the VWM encoding stage, and feature-based attention selection modes may be present during the maintenance stage. Nonetheless, these conclusions are based on different research paradigms, object feature dimensions, and response indicators, so it is prudent to exercise caution when inferring the existence of distinct attention selection modes during different stages of VWM processing. The aim of the present study is to evaluate this hypothesis and provide empirical support.In Experiment 1a, 30 college students were recruited to complete a change-detection task. Participants were instructed to memorize the features of the objects presented in the memory display by means of a pre-cue or retro-cue presented prior to or following the memory display. Specifically, in pre-cue trials, participants were asked to memorize only the cueing task-relevant feature while ignoring the task-irrelevant feature. In retro-cue trials, participants needed to memorize the entire object so that they could select the task-relevant feature according to the retro-cue. The present study examined the “irrelevant-change distracting effect” by comparing memory performance between the condition of task-irrelevant feature changes and no-changes on the memory probe test display. Experiment 1b had a similar procedure, except that the cue types were block designs. Based on the design of Experiment 1b, Experiments 2 and 3 increased the number of memory items to test whether the memory load would modulate the attention selection modes. Twenty-eight participants were recruited for Experiment 1b, Experiment 2, and Experiment 3. All experiments were 2 (cue types: pre-cue, retro-cue) × 2 (task-irrelevant feature change types: change, no-change) within-subjects designs, participants' response times (RTs) and correct rates were recorded, and the sensitivity and criteria of the participants were calculated by signal detection theory (SDT).The results of the three experiments showed that the change in task-irrelevant features had an impact on task performance in the pre-cue trials, with longer RTs and lower criteria in the task-irrelevant feature change condition than in the no-change condition. This distracting effect was not modulated by the memory load. This suggests the existence of robust object-based attentional selection during the encoding stage in VWM. In contrast, in the retro-cue trials, the distracting effect was present only in the low memory load condition (Experiment 1a/1b) and disappeared when the memory load increased (Experiment 2/3). This suggests that during the maintenance stage, task-irrelevant features are processed only under low memory load conditions, and insufficient resources lead to their inability to be processed as the demand for attentional resources for task-relevant features increases.In summary, the present study provides further evidence for the hypothesis that different modes of attentional selection exist in the encoding and maintenance stages of VWM, specifically that the attention selection mode during the VWM encoding stage is object-based, while the attention selection mode during the maintenance stage is feature-based and regulated by memory load. This study has important implications for resolving the controversy surrounding the attention selection mode of multifeature objects in VWM.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-04-12
Pang, Chao
Chen, Yanzhang
Wang, Li
Yang, Xiduan
He, Ya
Li, Zhiying
Ouyang, Xiaoyu
Fu, Shimin
Nan, Weizhi
Abstract： Visual working memory (VWM) and selective attention are two essential topics of investigation in the field of cognitive psychology. Previous studies have suggested that object-based attention selection modes may be present during the VWM encoding stage, and feature-based attention selection modes may be present during the maintenance stage. Nonetheless,these conclusions are based on different research paradigms, object feature dimensions, and response indicators, so it is prudent to exercise caution when inferring the existence of distinct attention selection modes during different stages of VWM processing. The aim of the present study is to evaluate this hypothesis and provide empirical support. In Experiment 1a, 30 college students were recruited to complete a change-detection task. Participants were instructed to memorize the features of the objects presented in the memory display by means of a pre-cue or retro-cue presented prior to or following the memory display. Specifically, in pre-cue trials, participants were asked to memorize only the cueing task-relevant feature while ignoring the task-irrelevant feature. In retro-cue trials, participants needed to memorize the entire object so that they could select the task-relevant feature according to the retro-cue. The present study examined the “irrelevant-change distracting effect” by comparing memory performance between the condition of task-irrelevant feature changes and no-changes on the memory probe test display. Experiment 1b had a similar procedure, except that the cue types were block designs. Based on the design of Experiment 1b, Experiments 2 and 3 increased the number of memory items to test whether the memory load would modulate the attention selection modes. Twenty-eight participants were recruited for Experiment 1b, Experiment 2, and Experiment 3. All experiments were 2 (cue types: pre-cue, retro-cue) × 2 (task-irrelevant feature change types: change, no-change) within-subjects designs, participants’ response times (RTs) and correct rates were recorded, and the sensitivity and criteria of the participants were calculated by signal detection theory (SDT). The results of the three experiments showed that the change in task-irrelevant features had an impact on task performance in the pre-cue trials, with longer RTs and lower criteria in the task-irrelevant feature change condition than in the no-change condition. This distracting effect was not modulated by the memory load. This suggests the existence of robust object-based attentional selection during the encoding stage in VWM. In contrast, in the retro-cue trials, the distracting effect was present only in the low memory load condition (Experiment 1a/1b) and disappeared when the memory load increased (Experiment 2/3). This suggests that during the maintenance stage, task-irrelevant features are processed only under low memory load conditions, and insufficient resources lead to their inability to be processed as the demand for attentional resources for task-relevant features increases.In summary, the present study provides further evidence for the hypothesis that different modes of attentional selection exist in the encoding and maintenance stages of VWM, specifically that the attention selection mode during the VWM encoding stage is object-based, while the attention selection mode during the maintenance stage is feature-based and regulated by memory load. This study has important implications for resolving the controversy surrounding the attention selection mode of multifeature objects in VWM.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2023-03-31 Cooperative journals: 《材料研究学报》
Abstract： Plate tensile specimens were machined from a Ni- base single crystal (SC) superalloy DD33, holes with various diameters were electrochemically machined (ECM) in the middle of the specimens. The strain fields around the holes during room temperature tensile tests were in-situ observed by an ARAMIS - optical deformation analysis system based on the digital image correlation (DIC) technique and the fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was demonstrated that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased with the increase of hole diameter from 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm. Strain concentrated in the vicinity of the hole. The maximum strain increased slightly during elastic deformation. However, once plastic deformation began, it increased rapidly above its elastic value. In addition, the maximum strain and strain gradients adjacent to the holes increased with the increase of the hole diameter from 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm. This work is critical for understanding the crack initiation around the cooling holes with different diameters in the SC blade.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The Tibetan Plateau is the source zone of major rivers, which provide water resources for more than 2 billion people downstream. Compared with runoff, riverine sediment load is considered as a more sensitive variable in response to climate and land surface process changes, and also as an important index to quantify regional land degradation and soil resource changes. In this study, 8 major rivers originated in the Tibetan Plateau, including Yerqiang River, Shule River, Heihe River, Yarlung Tsangpo River, Nujiang River, Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Lancang River, were selected to study the variation of sediment load in the source zone or upper reaches. Firstly, the general amount and spatial variation of runoff and sediment load of these rivers were explored. Secondly, the changes of riverine sediment load in recent decades (1960–2017) were analyzed, with the spatial and temporal variations of sediment load compared to climate (temperature, precipitation) and land surface process (glacier, frozen soil, vegetation cover) factors. Thirdly, the uncertainty of sediment load variation associated with interaction of multi-factors was discussed. Finally, the significant impacts of sediment load variation on the ecological environment and the safety of hydropower projects was pointed out with typical cases. Nowadays, the scarcity of hydrometeorological data is a major challenge to understand the variation of riverine sediment load from the Tibetan Plateau and assess the impacts. It is urgent to strengthen observation and modeling studies to reveal the complex mechanism of sediment transport changes, so as to provide scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of water and soil resources on the Tibetan Plateau and the downstream water resources management, so as to serve the national ecological security.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Social mindfulness refers to the ability of an individual to sense others’ states during interpersonal interactions, his or her willingness to respect others’ choices, and his or her ability to transfer rights. Exploring the psychological structure of social mindfulness against the background of Chinese culture is important for cultivating a friendly and harmonious society. This study explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness with a lexical method. In Study 1, 59 high- and 24 low-social mindfulness words were selected by word frequency analysis and multiple rounds of discussions. After being evaluated by 43 professionals and 232 nonprofessionals, 40 social mindfulness words were selected. In Study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Sample 1 (n = 351) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Sample 2 (n = 307) were conducted to obtain a three-factor structure for social mindfulness; these structures include kindness and respect, tolerance and understanding, and optimism and open-mindedness. Additionally, a social mindfulness lexical rating scale (SMLRS) with 18 words was formed. In Study 3, we used the same method as in Study 2 to explore the structure of social mindfulness (EFA: Sample 1, n = 377; CFA: Sample 2, n = 220) through scenario descriptions. Then, a new 17-item social mindfulness self-report scale (SMSRS) and a model with two second-order factors and four first-order factors for the internalization of social mindfulness were generated. Both the SMLRS and SMSRS have good reliability and validity and can be used as measurement tools in follow-up research. Through lexical analysis and psychometric analysis, we explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness, which contains two second-order factors and four first-order factors, in Chinese culture. In this model, the two second-order factors were agreeableness and extraversion, and the four first-order factors were kindness and respect, humility, optimism and open-mindedness, and tolerance and understanding. From a theoretical point of view, we established a vocabulary of social mindfulness, verified social mindfulness’s second-order four-factor psychological structure, provided a new empirical basis for the higher- order factor theory of personality, and enriched our knowledge of personality and social behavior against the background of Chinese culture. From a practical point of view, the definition of social mindfulness plays a positive role in moral education in the field of education, in the training of employees in the field of organization and in the construction of mentality in the sociology field.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract： Ni-based single crystal (SX) superalloys are widely used for production of blades in gas turbines and aircraft engines for their superior mechanical performance at high temperatures. To obtain high cooling efficiency, most of the SX blades consist of thin wall with cooling holes. However, thermal fatigue cracks are usually observed in blades with this kind of structures. Thus, it must be valuable to investigate the crack initiation and propagation around a hole during thermal fatigue tests in a SX superalloy. In the present work a second generation SX Ni-based superalloy was used. Plate specimens that parallel to directional solidification (DS) direction and along (100) or (110) planes were prepared. A hole with diameter of 0.5 mm was drilled vertical to the surface in the middle of the plate by electro-discharge machining (EDM). Thermal fatigue tests were performed between room temperature and 1100 ℃. Effect of crystal orientation on the crack initiation and propagation was investigated and the reasons were analyzed. It was found that a thin recast layer was produced around holes of EDM drilled. The thickness of the recast layer was 15 mm in the maximum. Crystal orientation has great effect on the crack initiation sites and propagation kinetics. After 80 cyc thermal fatigue tests, in (110) specimens cracks initiated at the edge of the holes that vertical to the DS direction, then grew quickly and propagated along directions about 45° from the DS direction. After 200 cyc tests, cracks developed to more than 2 mm in length. While in (100) specimens no cracks could be observed even after 200 cyc thermal fatigue tests. This difference was mainly due to the combined effects of different thermal stress caused by the anisotropy of single crystals and of the microstructure characteristics.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract： The directionally solidificated (DS) Co-based superalloys are widely used in aircraft turbine vanes due to the good stress-rupture parameters and excellent hot corrosion resistance. The cyclic change of temperatures and complex stress state thermal fatigue (TF) cracks happen frequently in vanes during service. However, most of the work are conducted in Ni- based superalloys and there is rare report concerning the TF behavior of DS Cobased superalloys. Furthermore, due to the residual strain accumulated during processing, shot peening, grinding and recrystallization (RX) frequently occur when the DS components are exposed to high temperatures. It is believed that RX may change the microstructure, especially adding more grain boundaries to DS alloys, and result in the reduction of the mechanical properties of DS superalloys. Therefore, in this work, V-notch plate specimens with notch direction perpendicular and parallel to the DS orientation are machined from the DS plate. Local RX grains are prepared (local indented and then heat treated) in the notch areas of some samples. TF test is conducted between 1000 ℃ to room temperature. The effect of DS orientation and RX on TF properties of a DS Co-based superalloy is investigated. The results indicate that the cracks propagate along the interdendritic regions in the samples with notches parallel to the DS direction, which exhibites lower TF properties than samples with notches vertical to the DS direction. TF cracks initiate and propagate along RX boundaries in samples containing RX grains. Precipitation of M23C6 carbides is found along the RX boundaries during TF tests. Due to the oxidation at the tip of crack, M23C6 desquamates and leads to the formation of micro voids, which accelerates the crack propagation and decreases TF properties of tested alloy. In samples with notches parallel to the DS direction, cracks preferentially propagate along the RX grain boundaries.
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-04-26
Abstract： Social mindfulness refers to the ability of an individual to sense others’ states during interpersonal interactions, his or her willingness to respect others’ choices, and his or her ability to transfer rights. Exploring the psychological structure of social mindfulness against the background of Chinese culture is important for cultivating a friendly and harmonious society. This study explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness with a lexical method. In Study 1, 59 high- and 24 low-social mindfulness words were selected by word frequency analysis and multiple rounds of discussions. After being evaluated by 43 professionals and 232 nonprofessionals, 40 social mindfulness words were selected. In Study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Sample 1 (n = 351) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Sample 2 (n = 307) were conducted to obtain a three-factor structure for social mindfulness; these structures include kindness and respect, tolerance and understanding, and optimism and open-mindedness. Additionally, a social mindfulness lexical rating scale (SMLRS) with 18 words was formed. In Study 3, we used the same method as in Study 2 to explore the structure of social mindfulness (EFA: Sample 1, n = 377; CFA: Sample 2, n = 220) through scenario descriptions. Then, a new 17-item social mindfulness self-report scale (SMSRS) and a model with two second-order factors and four first-order factors for the internalization of social mindfulness were generated. Both the SMLRS and SMSRS have good reliability and validity and can be used as measurement tools in follow-up research. Through lexical analysis and psychometric analysis, we explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness, which contains two second-order factors and four first-order factors, in Chinese culture. In this model, the two second-order factors were agreeableness and extraversion, and the four first-order factors were kindness and respect, humility, optimism and open-mindedness, and tolerance and understanding. From a theoretical point of view, we established a vocabulary of social mindfulness, verified social mindfulness’s second-order four-factor psychological structure, provided a new empirical basis for the higher-order factor theory of personality, and enriched our knowledge of personality and social behavior against the background of Chinese culture. From a practical point of view, the definition of social mindfulness plays a positive role in moral education in the field of education, in the training of employees in the field of organization and in the construction of mentality in the sociology field.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-21 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：利用采自新疆霍城县图开沙漠的22只（12雌，10雄）成体快步麻蜥（Eremias velox），测量其11项外部形态特征及体重，并在最适温度下进行运动性能测试，探讨不同基质上快步麻蜥的运动表现及其与形态特征之间的相关性。结果表明：快步麻蜥雄性个体的头体长显著大于雌性个体，在泥土基质上，雄性个体的最大冲刺速度显著大于雌性个体，而雌性个体的耐力显著大于雄性个体。雄性个体的头体长与泥土基质上的最大冲刺速度呈显著正相关，而雌雄两性个体的体重均与沙子基质上的最大冲刺速度呈显著负相关。基质类型影响雄性个体的最大冲刺速度，表现为其在泥土基质上的最大冲刺速度和加速度均显著大于沙子基质。而雌性个体的耐力受基质类型影响，表现为在沙子基质的耐力显著小于其余基质。这样，快步麻蜥的最大冲刺速度与耐力之间存在一定程度的权衡，且形态特征和基质类型对不同性别快步麻蜥运动表现的影响有显著差异。
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2020-01-05
Abstract： Abstract: Children with behavioral inhibition are more likely to suffer from internalizing behavioral problems during mid-childhood and adolescence, and appear to be at higher developmental risk. Compared to children without behavioral inhibition, these children show more withdrawal motivation, longer anticipatory process and pre-attention process, less attention control, more attention bias to negative information, hyperactive error detection process and slower habituation process. These cognitive neurological processes of behavioral inhibited children also exist in patients who suffer from mental disorders, and are important links between behavioral inhibition and psychopathology in children. It can be used as predictors to screen individuals with higher developmental risk. In addition to children s own characteristics, environmental factors can also influence children s developmental outcomes by shaping cognitive neurological processes. Therefore, in future studies, in order to identify protective factors for the children with behavioral inhibition from both temperamental factors and environmental factors, we may consider the differences of cognitive neurological processes between children s behavioral inhibition and psychopathology under different cultural conditions."
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2019-12-24
Abstract： Abstract: Children with behavioral inhibition are more likely to suffer from internalizing behavioral problems during mid-childhood and adolescence, and appear to be at higher developmental risk. Compared to children without behavioral inhibition, these children show more withdrawal motivation, longer anticipatory process and pre-attention process, less attention control, more attention bias to negative information, hyperactive error detection process and slower habituation process. These similar cognitive neurological processes are important links between behavioral inhibition and psychological disorders in children. It can be used as predictors to screen individuals with higher developmental risk. In addition to children's own characteristics, environmental factors can also influence children's developmental outcomes by shaping cognitive neurological processes. Therefore, in future studies, in order to identify protective factors for the children with behavioral inhibition from both temperamental factors and environmental factors, we may consider the differences of cognitive neurological processes between children's behavioral inhibition and psychopathology under different cultural conditions.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2016-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract：选用某第二代镍基单晶高温合金，制备了平行于定向凝固方向且分别沿(100)面和(110)面的2组板式试样,采用电火花方法在试样中心垂直于板面加工孔径为0.5 mm的圆孔。采用室温到1100 ℃的冷热疲劳实验，研究了冷热循环过程中不同晶体学平面的板式试样上圆孔周围裂纹萌生及扩展行为。结果表明，位于不同晶体学平面的板式试样中，电火花方法加工圆孔周围产生了一薄层再铸层，再铸层最厚处约15 um。板式试样所在晶体学平面对圆孔周围裂纹萌生及扩展行为影响显著。冷热循环80 cyc后, (110)面试样中，裂纹在与枝晶生长方向垂直的孔边产生，之后，迅速沿与枝晶生长方向呈45°角扩展。而对于(100)面试样，即使经过200 cyc冷热循环后孔边也未观察到裂纹，造成此差异的本质原因是单晶高温合金晶体结构的各向异性导致的热应力差别与微观组织特征共同作用的结果。
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2016-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract：对不同Re、W含量的铸态镍基单晶高温合金通过Brinell硬度计压痕变形, 分别在1230 ℃至1330 ℃温度下保温1 h, 研究了难熔元素Re和W对铸态单晶高温合金再结晶行为的影响. 结果表明: 再结晶晶粒在压痕表面形成, 并沿枝晶干向内扩展, 晶界迁移受到枝晶间粗大g'相和(g+g')共晶阻碍. 添加Re、W提高了铸态单晶高温合金的g'相溶解温度和(g+g')共晶含量, 导致单晶高温合金的再结晶温度升高. 热处理温度升高, 各单晶高温合金的再结晶面积随着枝晶间g'相和共晶含量的减少而增大. 相同热处理温度下, 由于不同成分单晶高温合金枝晶间粗大g'相和(g+g')共晶含量不同, 不含难熔元素Re、W的单晶高温合金再结晶面积最大, 含Re单晶高温合金的再结晶面积大于含W单晶高温合金, 同时添加Re和W的单晶高温合金再结晶面积最小.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2016-11-04 Cooperative journals: 《金属学报》
Abstract：本文采用"V"型缺口分别垂直和平行于凝固方向的板状热疲劳试样, 并在缺口位置预制再结晶组织, 研究了在最高温度为1000℃, 最低温度为室温的冷热循环下, 缺口取向和再结晶对定向凝固钴基高温合金热疲劳性能的影响. 结果表明: 缺口取向垂直于凝固方向时, 基体在应力作用下循环氧化开裂; 缺口平行于凝固方向时, 热疲劳性能下降, 裂纹沿枝晶间扩展. 再结晶降低定向凝固钴基高温合金的热疲劳性能, 再结晶晶界氧化开裂, 实验中晶界析出的M23C6型碳化物氧化脱落后形成的孔洞加速了裂纹扩展; 连接枝晶间碳化物的再结晶晶界成为缺口平行于凝固方向时热疲劳裂纹的优先扩展通道。
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