Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： After Herbert Simon, Reinhard Selten, and Daniel Kahneman, Richard Thaler became the fourth scholar winning the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences whose research is concerned with bounded rationality. Theoretically, Thaler not only accepted and developed the framework of bounded rationality, but also contributed to the conception and development of the theory of mental accounting. In basic research, he discovered and showed the unique attributes of mental accounting, such as the endowment effect, lack of self-control and preference for fairness. In practice, he successfully explained some puzzling phenomena in the stock and fund markets, using relevant theories in human psychology; many results from his empirical studies are widely used in business management and public administration. Furthermore, Thaler advocates the “nudge” approach to policy making, trying to improve people’s well being through subtle but effective manipulations. Thaler's research has the rare and highly desirable “theory-research-application” triadic quality, and the Nobel prize rightfully reflects his contributions to the understanding of economics and human behaviors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous studies on self-other welfare tradeoff focus more on the gain situations than the loss situations. Numerous studies have explored the influence of social distance on the tradeoff but ignored the complex interactions among gain and loss situations, others’ reference points, and psychological distance. This study investigated the influences of others’ reference points and psychological distance on self-other welfare tradeoff in gain and loss situations by using welfare tradeoff rate (WTR) as an index of altruistic degree in self-other welfare tradeoff. In Experiment 1, the effect of WTR on the gain and loss situations and its mechanism were explored. In Experiment 2, others’ reference points were added as another factor to examine their influence on WTR and interaction with the gain and loss situations. In Experiment 3, the psychological distance variable was further introduced to investigate its influence on WTR and interaction with the gain and loss situations and others’ reference points. Results of Experiment 1 showed no significant difference in WTR between gain and loss situations. In Experiment 2, WTR in the gain situation was found to be significantly higher than that in the loss situation, and WTR was reduced when others approached the bottom line, goal, and status quo. Further analyses showed that the WTR under the gain situation was significantly higher than that under the loss situation when others approached the bottom line. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in the WTR under the gain and loss situations when others approached the status quo and goal. In Experiment 3, the WTR of close psychological distance was found to be higher than that of far psychological distance, and the main effect of gain and loss situations disappeared. Psychological distance had complex interaction effects with gain and loss situations and others’ reference points. These findings contribute to a deep understanding of the asymmetric effects of gain and loss situations, tri-reference-point theory, and related findings from studies on social discounting and self-other decision- making differences. They also have certain practical implications for individuals, organizations, and countries in understanding and dealing with the relationships between ones’ selves and others.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Bounded rationality theory derives from contemporary cognitive psychology, manifests itself in economics, and radiates to many disciplines. However, different opinions exist on what bounded rationality is and what it means to people, not only causing confusion in theory but also bringing confusion in practice. The purpose of this study is to: (1) clarify the essential meaning of bounded rationality from the philosophical and historical backgrounds of human rational evolution; (2) put forward different views on the value of bounded rationality; (3) summarize the far-reaching historical significance and theoretical value of existing achievements. The author points out that bounded rationality is not the optimization under constraint, not to mention the irrationality. In essence, it is an objective description of the level of human rational evolution and development so far, that is, human beings are rational either in the attitude to reality or in the ability to recognize and transform reality. However, limits to human rationality are observed. Bounded rationalists question popular rationalism in contemporary social science and the reliability of the methodology and knowledge system derived from it, but they do not question rationality itself. They eliminate the dualism thinking mode of rationalism or irrationalism in history, which provides us with a new perspective to understand the nature of rationality from the resource, quantitative, and dynamic development views. In the sense of value rationality, bounded rationality is defective, but in the sense of instrumental rationality, bounded rationality is reasonable, so finding a proper balance point between them is necessary. The concept of bounded rationality in psychology and its extensive influence have led to another human rational evolution after the “probability revolution” of the Renaissance. It is one of the most important contributions made by this discipline to the treasure house of human thought and knowledge. It not only has far-reaching historical significance but also has interdisciplinary methodological significance.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-04-02
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Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-04-15
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Subjects: Geosciences >> Atmospheric Sciences submitted time 2018-11-13 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》
Abstract： 空气质量事关人民健康和生活环境品质，近年频发的大气污染引发民众的普遍关注。大气污染治理需要对其形成、消散过程及其影响因素有一个清晰的了解，才能对症下药。本研究以2017年5月4日至5日华北地区出现了一次大范围的严重的天气污染形成与消散过程为研究对象，通过搜集华北地区9个城市空气中主要污染物浓度、AQI(空气质量指数)和常规气象数据，分析AQI、主要污染物（PM10, PM2.5,SO2,NO2,CO,O3）浓度变化特征和相关气象因子的关系。结果表明：本次重污染本质为区域性沙尘污染所致。污染过程呈现出形成速度快、消散急促的特点。该污染过程首要污染物为PM10，其次为PM2.5,SO2、NO2、CO、O3等由人类活动产生的污染物浓度并未超标。后向轨迹分析和相关分析发现造成此次严重污染颗粒物主要来自蒙古高原，风是主要驱动因子。污染物在空间位置比较接近的城市间传输时，表现出趋势一致性、时间上的滞后性和污染物浓度的累积性特点。
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 基于心理学的研究, 自由家长主义者认为人们的思维有个体难以克服的、根深蒂固的系统性缺陷, 并难以通过教育来避免和消除, 因此主张因势利导, 仰仗外部专家的“助推”把人们的行为引导到正确方向。然而, 从生态理性的角度看, 人们依照自由家长主义者所谓的认知偏差做出的选择未必导致糟糕的结果, 而依照自由家长主义者所推崇的理性方法做出的选择也未必导致理想的结果。本文分析了自由家长主义者用来支持助推的证据后发现：(1)它们源于一些研究者对“何为理性”的狭隘定义, 误解了人类理性的本质; (2)它们对研究结果进行了选择性的报告, 忽视了与这些证据相反的证据。通过这些分析, 我们认为“人非理性且难教化”这一自由家长主义者的论断过于武断并有失偏颇。投入教育, 教会人们如何精明老练地处理风险不仅是可行的, 而且是替代助推的一个更为持久有效的解决方案。
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