分类： 心理学 >> 法制心理学 分类： 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间： 2019-11-05
摘要： 神经科学的发展对其他学科以及社会产生了重要的影响。虽然神经科学方法与行为研究方法都是探索人类心理与行为的有效手段并各有所长，但神经科学的研究结果却可能引起人们过度的解读和信任。研究者发现，当某一结论使用神经科学结果作为证据时，比使用行为科学结果或者心理生理学指标作为证据时更加让人信服，即使神经科学结果与该结论之间毫无关系，这种现象被称为神经科学偏见（neuroscience bias）。通过系统回顾近年来关于神经科学偏见的研究，我们发现：（1）虽然神经科学偏见存在可重复性的争论，但该效应确实存在；（2）神经科学偏见的产生可能是因为个体倾向于还原论的解释（即使用低层次、简单的机制来解释更高层次上的现象）及心理本质主义的影响（即人们认为心理与行为的本质是神经活动）。神经科学偏见反映了公众对科学结果解读的偏见，未来研究需要探讨这种偏见的心理机制，从而引导科学结果的正确解读和运用。
分类： 心理学 >> 医学心理学 提交时间： 2019-11-05
摘要： Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a wide range of cognitive impairments. Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to mentally re-experience past events and pre-experience possible future events. Studies have shown MTT impairments in individuals with ASD, however, these findings may be confounded by a number of factors including verbal ability to report MTT, factors related to MTT task and demographic factors of participants. The present study provided a meta-analysis on MTT deficits in individuals with ASD and examined the potential moderating variables for these impairments. Twenty-six studies were included, and the participants comprised 667 individuals with ASD and 671 healthy controls. Results showed significant overall MTT impairments (Cohen’s d = −0.95) in individuals with ASD. Moderator and meta-regression analyses revealed that verbal IQ was significantly related to MTT impairments; type of MTT, type of task, measurement indices of MTT, age of participants, gender ratio and full IQ did not explain the MTT impairments. These findings suggest that MTT is severely impaired in individuals with ASD, verbal IQ contributed to MTT impairments, and task characteristics did not affect the degree of impairments.
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