Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-26
Abstract： Orderly display, from our urban planning to the layout of goods in shops, is widely used in our nearby environment. Researches have shown that the need for order is one of the basic human needs and people prefer objects under orderly display. Our study enriched this line of work by exploring the association between display order and product attribution and providing evidence that disorder can be beneficial. Specifically, natural attribution (vs. artificial product) is associated with disorder (vs. order). Furthermore, for natural product (vs. artificial product), consumers prefer them in disorderly display (vs. orderly display). Based on the associative learning mechanism, 4 studies were conducted to examine how display order and product attribute match together and influences consumers’ product preference. Also, the mediating role of fluency perception and moderating role of valence cue were examined.
Study 1 (N = 34, 18 men) intended to explore the matching relationship between product attribution and display order with the method of Implicit Association Test. Participants were instructed to sort a series of stimuli into two categories(natural or artificial) as quickly as possible. Study 2 (N = 280, 105 men) aimed to test the match effect of product attribution and display order in explicit level using within-subjects design. After showing the interpretation of both constructs’ definition, participants were asked to match natural (vs. artificial) product to orderly or disorderly display. Study 3 (N = 200, 75 men) used between-subjects design to further investigate the effect of product attribution and display order on consumer preference, and the mediation role of processing fluency, with product content remain the same, i.e., mango. Participants were shown one picture and asked to indicate their preference and processing fluency. Study 4 (N = 240, 98 men) investigated the boundary effect of valence cue. The participants were asked to evaluate the valence of all categories of product attribution and display order as priming method. Then participants were shown two pictures of natural or artificial product in disorderly and orderly display. In the end, they indicate their liking and processing fluency of pictures.
The main results of this study are as follows: (1) natural attribution (vs. artificial product) is associated with disorder (vs. order) in both implicit and explicit level; (2) for natural (vs. artificial) product, consumers have higher preference for product in disorderly (vs. orderly) display; (3) product attribution and display order influences consumers’ product preferences through the mediation role of processing fluency; (4) valence cue moderate consumers’ preference for natural products in different display order.
This research identify and explore a previously unidentified lay theory, the natural (vs. artificial) = disorder (order) intuition. Moreover, based on dual-process of associative learning, we further explore the contradictory naïve theory of our proposal. And this research contributes to the literature of natural product and product display. It provides managers with guidelines on arrangement of display order for product with different attribution when organizing shelf display or designing advertisement.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-24
Abstract： Studies showed that death awareness may promote or hinder prosocial behavior. This study simultaneously explored and compared the effects and mechanisms of different death awarenesses—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behavior, and revealed the positive and negative effect mechanisms of death awareness on prosocial behavior. Based on the dual-existence system model of death awareness, this study explored the effects of the negative and positive aspects of death awareness—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behaviors and their mechanisms through two studies: a questionnaire survey and a laboratory experiment. Study 1 measured participants’ death anxiety, death reflection, and prosocial behavioral tendencies through relevant scales, and initially explored the predictive effects of death anxiety and death reflection on prosocial tendencies, as well as the role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values in them. Study 2 applied experimental methods and selected public goods game situations and real donation situations in prosocial behavior to examine the impact of death awarenesses on prosocial behavior, and continued to verify the mediating role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values. Meanwhile, Study 2 set up different donation situations to examine the boundary conditions when individuals with different death awarenesses implement prosocial behaviors, and once again verified the psychological mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the DR (Death Reflection) group, MS (Mortality Salience) group, and TR (Toothache Control) group and were required to complete the public goods game (PGG). Afterwards, the participants left the laboratory and participated in the donation activities outside the laboratory (to prevent them from feeling that the donation activities were part of the experiment). Differences in cooperation and donation behavior between participants under different manipulation conditions were compared. The results were observed as follows: 1) Death anxiety negatively predicted or reduced participants’ prosocial behavioral tendencies and behaviors; death reflection positively predicted or increased participants’ prosocial tendencies and behaviors. 2) The impact of death reflection and death anxiety on prosocial behavior was a dual-path mediating mechanism: self-enhancement values played a mediating role in the impact of death anxiety on prosocial behavior, and self-transcendence values played a mediating role in the impact of death reflection on prosocial behavior. 3) Donation context moderated the effects of death reflection and death anxiety on donation behavior. In the public donation situation, the donation amount of the participants in the death anxiety group was higher, while in the anonymous donation situation, participants donated more in the death reflection group. The donation context positively and negatively moderated the two mediating paths between death awareness and prosocial behavior respectively. This study measured, distinguished and compared the impact and mechanism of the specific cognitive states of death awareness—death anxiety and death rumination—on prosocial behavior, and proposes a “dual-path” mediating mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. The “dual path” model provides supporting evidence for the dual existence system model, expands the research on the social adaptability of death awareness, and provides new ideas for research on the positive direction of death.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2024-05-23
Abstract： Dyadic studies, in which two persons interacting with each other (called a dyad) are the fundamental unit of analysis, are widely used in psychological studies involving interpersonal phenomena. The integration of such studies with intensive longitudinal designs helps to further investigate the dynamics of both individual behaviors and interpersonal effects during the social interactions. However, there is a lack of appropriate statistical approaches that can adequately answer the dyadic research questions of interest based on the characteristics of intensive longitudinal data. Through simulation and empirical studies, this project will investigate the construction, extension, and applications of appropriate statistical models for intensive longitudinal data of different dyadic designs within the framework of Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM).
Specifically, the research contents include: (1) constructing two actor-partner DSEMs with different detrending approaches and selecting the better model for intensive longitudinal data from the standard dyadic design; (2) developing an appropriate statistical model for the intensive longitudinal one-with-many data and extending it to more complex data with time trends; (3) developing an appropriate statistical model for the intensive longitudinal round-robin data and extending it to data with time trends; and (4) illustrating the application of the constructed or extended models under three intensive longitudinal dyadic designs. This project will advance the psychological research to gain a deeper and more scientific understanding of changes in individual behaviors and interpersonal effects in the context of social interactions.
YES
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-23
Abstract： As the saying goes, “Survival of the fittest”. Nowadays, the Internet has become a critical channel for information acquisition, social interaction, and educational learning. Adolescents’ internet adaptation capabilities must be continuously improved to adapt to this rapidly developing information age. Internet adaptation is inherently a “multidimensional system” encompassing various stages and dimensions. However, there remains a gap in the research exploring the internal topological characteristics and functional mechanisms of internet adaptation. Consequently, this study aims to employ network analysis techniques to elucidate the core characteristics, internal structure, dynamic evolution, and relationships with external variables of adolescents’ internet adaptation through network analysis. This approach will offer a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescents’ successful adaptation in the digital age and provide scientific insights for preventing and intervening in adolescent internet addiction. This study collected all data through paper-and-pencil questionnaires. At Time 1, valid data were obtained from 5783 participants (Males for 37.4%, Mage = 17.20 years, SD = 2.62). Five months later, data from 1235 of these participants were tracked (Males for 38%, Mage = 14.98 years, SD = 1.66). Based on the research objectives, we conducted cross-sectional network analysis, network comparison, and cross-lagged network analysis. All cross-sectional and cross-lagged network analyses were primarily conducted using R (V.4.3.2). Network visualizations were created with the qgraph package (version 1.9.5). The accuracy of edge estimates was assessed by performing 1000 bootstrap iterations to construct 95% non-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals for each edge. In the cross-sectional network of internet adaptation, “internet curiosity” is the node with the highest strength (1.18). Network comparison results indicate no significant difference in the overall strength between the T1 (3.52) and the T2 network (3.79) (p = 0.120), although the network invariance test result is significant (p < 0.001). The cross-lagged network analysis shows that “internet self-efficacy” has the strongest out-expected influence (0.60), and “internet information searching” has the strongest in-expected influence (0.30). Additionally, the cross-lagged network analysis of internet adaptation and internet addiction reveals that “internet information protection capability” exhibits the strongest outgoing predictive ability. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Adolescents’ internet curiosity plays a multifaceted role in their internet adaptation process: insufficient curiosity can lead to low internet self-efficacy, while excessive curiosity can result in poor internet self-control; (2) Internet self-efficacy has the most significant impact on the overall development of internet adaptation, serving as the “primary driving force”. (3) Internet information searching ability is the most internally influenced aspect during the internet adaptation process and is a crucial component of adolescents’ internet adaptability. (4) Internet information protection capability shows the strongest outgoing predictive ability in the cross-cluster network analysis of internet addiction, warranting further attention in future research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-22
Abstract： Problematic social media use (PSMU) is discussed as a potential further type of disorders due to addictive behaviors. The I-PACE (Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition Execution) model illustrates the mechanisms and processes assumed to be relevant for the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors, potentially including problematic social media use. The interaction of affective and cognitive components (e.g., the confrontation with addiction-related cues leading to cue reactivity and craving and decision making) is assumed to result in a continuation of the behavior (e.g., use of social networks). Dysfunctional decision-making behavior, reflecting this imbalance, is considered as risk factor for and a consequence of an addictive behavior. This study investigates if the presentation of social- media -related cues interferes with decision making under risk. We conducted two studies using the Wheel of Fortune task. In study 1, the relationship between problematic social media use and risk decision-making was investigated. This study used a 2 (participant type: PSMU group, control group) × 2 (risk level: low, high) mixed design with participant type as a between-subjects variable. Participants were asked to complete the Wheel of Fortune task by pressing the F or J key. In study 2, in order to investigates if the presentation of Social-media-related cues interferes with decision making under risk, a 2 (participant type: PSMU, HC) × 2 (risk level: low, high) × 2(variation between conditions: C1, C2) mixed design was used. Participants were asked to make a choice by pressing the F or J key after the relevant information pictures disappears. The results were observed as follows: (1) When no cues were presented, the response time of the PSMU group was longer, and they chose riskier options less frequently under high-risk level. (2) When neutral and social media-related cues were presented, the consistency conditions increased the number of times the PSMU group chose riskier options, and the impact on the first arrival time of the PSMU group was greater than that on the control group. Compared to the control group, the response time of the problem group was also more influenced by social-related cues.In summary, this study revealed that Problematic social media use can influence risk decision-making, and social media-related information has a greater impact on the PSMU group, increasing their tendency to take risks during risk decision-making. In the future, research can be conducted to explore the brain activities of problematic social media users during the risk decision-making process, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between problematic social media use and risk decision-making.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-22
Abstract： As data science and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies gain increasing attention in the field of human decision making, human-AI collaborative decision making has gradually become the mainstream approach to organizational decision making. This approach effectively integrates experience-centered supportive decision making with data-centered automated decision making. Existing research has mainly focused on the effects of AI in individual decision making and related influencing factors, largely neglecting the discussion of AI assistance in group decision making. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the effectiveness of AI assistance in group decision making. Based on a review of existing research related to AI-assisted decision making and group decision making, this paper describes how AI engagement affects the consensus level, confidence level, and accuracy of group decision making. In this paper, we explored the effect of AI assistance in group decision making mainly through mathematical modeling, numerical simulation, and a behavioral experiment. First, we used mathematical modeling to portray the mathematical forms of individual cognition, AI cognition, social influence, and AI influence in group decision making. We proposed three measurement expressions for group decision making performance. Then, through comparison and simulation analysis, we observed the changes in group decision making performance under AI assistance. Finally, we designed a behavioral experiment to collect responses from 120 participants (divided into 10 groups) responding to six questions. We completed four rounds of responses for each question by feeding group information and AI predictions. By analyzing the answers of these groups, we tested our research conjecture. The main results of this paper are as follows. First, compared with no AI assistance, group decision making with AI assistance significantly enhances the consensus level, confidence level and accuracy of group decision. Second, the enhancement effect of AI assistance on consensus level is time-sensitive, while the enhancement on confidence level has a delayed effect. Third, the earlier appearance of AI assistance has a more significant effect on enhancing group confidence. The main theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, this paper extends the research field of AI-assisted decision making. Specifically, we focus on the effect of AI intervention in group decision making. Second, this paper enriches the understanding of information diversity in group decision making, and makes the first attempt to integrate the collision of human and machine intelligence. Finally, this paper synthesizes the dimensions of group decision making performance, and comprehensively examines the effects of AI-assisted group decision making from the perspectives of consensus, information, and accuracy. Our findings provide new insights for the frameworks of organizational group decision making, which have practical implications for building AI-enhanced group decision making processes.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend in investigating sensory processing during human locomotion. However, questions related to multisensory processing while walking remain numerous and not yet well explored. In this theoretical research, we provide a general review of the progress made in human walking-related cognition research based on the development of Mobile EEG, while highlight the lack of focus on multisensory processing. Additionally, we present some interesting findings from animal models related to multisensory processing during locomotion, which contributes to the motivation of a systematic investigation into multisensory processing. Finally, we propose several interesting and practical research questions that future studies should address to gain a better understanding of human cognition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Individual’s attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV) can significantly predict one’s IPV related behaviour, which will be reflected not only in the perpetrator or victim, but also in the willingness and response of third parties to intervene. By introducing attitudes into the field of IPV, we were able to convert the question of the causes of IPV into a question of the causes of IPV attitudes, breaking through the original research limitations. From the perspectives of social learning theory and feminist theory, IPV attitudes connect two explanatory paths: IPV-related social learning experiences/patriarchal ideology – IPV Attitudes - IPV. Future research could benefit from combining the unique perspectives - social learning theory’s emphasis on causal processes and feminist theory’s emphasis on causal roots - to incorporate both protective and risk factors, from the individual level to the group level, and to develop a multivariate interacting explanatory model of IPV attitudes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Judgments of learning (JOLs) refer to learners’ subjective predictions of whether they can successfully extract what they have learned on future tests. Face memory is an important foundation for acquiring information during social interactions and ensuring that social activities are carried out properly. Emotion and attractiveness are two important cues that influence JOLs of face memory. In reality, emotion and attractiveness often appear simultaneously in the same face. However, previous studies have only examined the effects of the two cues on JOLs individually, and have not deeply explored the effects of the integration of the two cues on the accuracy of JOLs and their mechanisms./t/nThe present study first explored the proportion of the number of emotional and attractive cue integrators. Then, we increased the gradient of each level of the attractiveness cue in Experiment 1, and utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: cue-integrated group, non-cue-integrated group) × 3 (emotional cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) × 3 (attractiveness cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) to explore whether the cue-integration could improve face memory and the accuracy of JOLs. In Experiment 2, in order to further improve the sensitivity of the subjects to the two cues, the mixed experimental design was changed to 2 (group: cue-integration group, non-cue-integration group) × 2 (emotional cues: high intensity, low intensity) × 2 (attraction cues: high intensity, low intensity), and the EEG was used to investigate the temporal characteristics of cue-integration in promoting the accuracy of JOLs./t/nFindings: (1) Subjects integrated both emotion and attraction cues for JOLs ratings(the pre-experiment). (2) Integrating emotional and attractiveness cues improved the accuracy of JOLs (Experiment 1). (3) The group that integrated cues had a higher amplitude of late positive waves (LPP) in the parietal region during the encoding stage and late negative waves (NSW) in the frontal region during the JOLs stage compared to the group that did not integrate cues. Additionally, the amplitudes of NSW and LPP in the cue-integrated group were significantly correlated with the accuracy of JOLs(Experiment 2). The study found that individuals who integrated emotion and attractiveness cues during the encoding stage were better able to allocate cognitive resources for cognitive assessment and retain information in the JOLs stage. This led to more accurate monitoring of their own face memory. The study suggests that integrating two cues can improve cognitive performance./t/nThis study offers a foundation for individuals to comprehend the impact of cue integration on memory and metamemory in real-world face learning scenarios. It also aids in the development of effective learning plans and strategies, as well as precise monitoring of the learning process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2024-05-20
Abstract： Compulsion stands as a central symptom of drug addiction; however, only a small fraction of drug users exhibit compulsive characteristics. Differences observed in Sign-trackers (ST) and Goal-trackers (GT) during Pavlovian conditioning may shed light on individual variances in drug addiction. Here, we focus on the behavioral attributes, formation processes, and neural mechanisms underlying ST and how they drive addiction towards compulsivity in humans. We will explore addiction from three interconnected levels: individual personality traits, social factors, and neurobiology. Furthermore, we distinguish between the processes of sensitization and habituation within ST. These nuanced distinctions across various aspects of addiction will contribute to our understanding of the addiction development process and the formulation of targeted preventive strategies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-05-20
Abstract： “Understanding and improving decision-making” is considered to be a major priority for researchers in behavioral decision-making. Investigating framing effects can simultaneously achieve the goals of understanding and improving decision-making. Currently, framing effects are mainly studied and applied in multi-attribute and risky decision-making fields, with relatively less attention directed toward the exploration of intertemporal and spatial decision-making despite their common occurrences in real-life scenarios. Given the interchangeable nature of time and space, this project seeks to investigate the potential existence of a new time-space framing effect (i.e., preference changes resulting from using a time or space framing to describe the same decision problem) that can effectively contribute to understanding and improving real-life spatiotemporal decision-making. To address the proposed question, this project intends to examine the phenomenon of the time–space framing effect (Study 1), unravel its psychological mechanisms (Studies 2 and 3), and ascertain its practical implications for nudging behavior (Study 4) by employing multiple methods, such as cognitive-behavioral approach, eye-tracking technique, and field experiment. The findings of this project are anticipated to provide a new research perspective and paradigm for understanding intertemporal and spatial decision-making while furnishing psychological insights to nudge individuals and organizations toward making more judicious decisions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： In recent years, global concern has escalated over personal financial stress, impacting individuals both in their personal lives and at work. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of its effects on workplace outcomes, including the underlying reasons and conditions. This study presents a framework derived from a systematic review of existing research, delving into the spillover effects of financial stress on the workplace. It examines its manifestations, mechanisms, and the factors that exacerbate or alleviate its impact. Financial stress not only influences individual work-related attitudes, behaviors, performance, occupational outcomes, and work-family dynamics, but also impacts colleagues, teams, and organizational outputs. While it primarily has negative effects, it can also stimulate some positive behaviors. For individuals, its effects are channeled primarily through resource, cognitive, and motivational pathways, while for others, it operates via uncertainty management, compensation control, and emotional contagion. The impact varies depending on employee characteristics, job specifics, and the broader macroeconomic context. Future research should further differentiate between various spillover effects, broaden the research scope and methodologies, explore how stress can be transformed into motivation, and tailor studies to the socio-cultural context of Chinese society. These endeavors will advance our understanding of this issue and offer valuable guidance for management practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： The effectiveness of controversial narcissistic leadership has not yet reached a consensus. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 73 independent empirical studies in 67 articles to explore and verify whether, when, and how narcissistic leadership is ‘Woe-fortune interdependence’. The research shows that: (1) Although the overall effect of narcissistic leadership is negative, it has a two-sided effect, that is, the leadership style will increase the pressure of subordinates and inhibit their work attitudes, behaviors and performance, but it will promote their innovation. (2) Industry type, organizational attributes, employee category, employee education and measurement tools have a moderating effect. That is, narcissistic leadership is more harmful to manufacturing (vs.services), for-profit organizations (vs.non-profit organizations), non-knowledge workers (vs.knowledge workers) and low-educated employees, and the use of Hochwarter and Thompson scale (vs.NPI-16 scale) to measure narcissistic leadership, the negative impact is stronger. (3) The two-sided effects of narcissistic leadership are stably realized through employees’ psychological safety (negative effect) and creative self-efficacy (positive effect). The research provides a basis for giving full play to the effectiveness of narcissistic leadership.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： Background and Objective: Shame, as a negative emotion, has unclear potential impacts on creativity and its underlying psychological mechanisms. Based on the cognitive adjustment model theory and the emotion regulation process model, this study explores the effect of shame on creativity and examines the serial mediation roles of self-forgiveness and sense of life meaning in this relationship.
Methods: Using simple random sampling, this study randomly selected 419 participants from the population and conducted data collection and analysis.
Results: (1) Shame was positively correlated with creativity (r= 0.14, p <0.01); (2) Self-forgiveness mediated the effect of shame on creativity; (3) Shame influenced creativity through the serial mediation of self-forgiveness and meaning in life.
Conclusion: This study reveals the positive impact of shame on creativity and its underlying psychological mechanisms, particularly the serial mediation roles of self-forgiveness and meaning in life. These findings provide referential intervention strategies for enhancing individual creativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Chinese is a writing system widely used by Chinese people worldwide and has many distinct characteristics. Due to its uniqueness, theories and models of alphabetic languages cannot be directly applied to Chinese. Previous Chinese studies lack systematic computational models for lexical and semantic processing. To address this issue, this study first plans to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous literature. Next, computational models will be constructed to simulate the processing of Chinese word presented in isolation and during natural reading. The model has the following characteristics: a) it can process both single-character and multi-character words; b) it can simulate orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of words, as well as their interactions; c) it can simulate the impact of contextual cues on word processing during sentence comprehension. Finally, the assumptions and predictions of the model are planned to be validated in experimental studies. The established model can guide experimental research and has significant theoretical significance. The research findings will help clarify the cognitive mechanisms of Chinese reading and the dynamic process of lexical processing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Faced with the pressures of academic achievement, employment, and other life stressors, contemporary young people are experiencing heightened levels of anxiety and unease. Their spiritual and cultural needs are continuously evolving, necessitating the exploration of additional avenues for psychological solace. Contemporary art spaces have emerged as one of the primary means through which the public can satisfy these needs. As a result, their public responsibility has become increasingly apparent. In recent years, there has been a gradual shift towards incorporating art therapy into these spaces as part of their developmental transformation. This article begins by categorizing the spatial presentation of art therapy and analyzing its inherent logic and operational mechanisms. It then delves into exploring the interactive relationship between individuals, art therapy, and contemporary art spaces in order to seek out common ground for their mutual development potential.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-17
Abstract： In China, patients not only accord doctors a high occupational reputation, but also expect them not to earn a modest occupational income. This phenomenon contradicts the matching mechanism between occupational reputation and income in the free market. The root of the contradiction may stem from the moralization of the doctors’ occupation. In China’s government-led healthcare system, patients expect doctors to possess selfless moral qualities and regard lower occupational income as an important criterion for evaluating the occupational ethics and skills of doctors. Therefore, if patients detect the signal clues of doctors having a higher occupational income, it will initially diminish the patients’ perception of the occupational ethics and skills of doctors, subsequently eroding their level of trust in doctors. In addition, belief in the doctor-patient relationship can affect patients’ moral sensitivity to doctors. Patients who adhere to market-oriented doctor-patient relationship beliefs are more likely to relax their moral constraints on doctors and treat the relationship between doctors’ occupational income and trustworthiness with market-oriented mechanisms. In the present set of experiments, we systematically examined the relationship between doctors’ occupational income signals and patients’ trust and explored the effects of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception, as well as the moderating mechanism of doctor-patient relationship beliefs. In the pilot study, we set up a medical context to activate the perception of occupational income signals for participants. By manipulating the occupational income signals into the doctor’s clothing, we selected a handbag, coat, watch, and sports shoes as signal items for manipulation testing. Study 1 was designed to test the impact of the doctor’s occupational income signal on patients’ trust. The priming of the occupational income signal was the same as in the pilot study, and then participants were informed of their diagnosis and treatment results, and treatment plans afterward. It was expected that the perception of the doctor’s occupational income signal would affect their trust in the doctor. Study 2 examined the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception based on Study 1. The questionnaires on medical ethics perception and medical skills perception were adapted from the Wake Forest Medical Trust Scale (WFPTS). Study 3 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs on doctor’s occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships. The doctor-patient relationship belief questionnaire was based on a review of relevant literature. Study 4 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs in the chain mediation of “occupational income signal→ medical ethics perception →medical skills perception →patients’ trust” using the same questionnaires and materials as Study 1 and Study 3. The main results were as follows: (1) In the pilot study, the participants had significant differences in their perception of the prices and occupational income levels of the handbag, coat, watch and sports shoes; (2) The results of Study 1 showed that the doctors’ occupational income signal had a significant negative impact on patients’ trust; (3) The results of Study 2 demonstrated the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (4) Study 3 found that doctor-patient relationship beliefs had a significant moderating effect on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (5) The results of Study 4 indicated that the doctor’s occupational income signal was not moderated by the doctor-patient relationship beliefs, as it affected the chain mediation of patients’ trust through the perception of medical ethics and medical skills. Our findings demonstrated that occupational income signals can significantly affect patients’ willingness to trust doctors, as well as the important role of cognition and evaluation of doctors’ occupational ethics. Due to sensitivity to the occupational ethics of doctors, patients did not allow doctors to earn higher occupational income, even those who uphold the belief in market-oriented doctor-patient relationships. Based on our results, we recommend that future researchers pay more attention to the importance of macro-healthcare systems and social structural factors, especially their top-down impact on shaping and maintaining doctor-patient trust at the interpersonal level.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： The spontaneous human preference for high-calorie foods often leads to imbalanced dietary intake and contributes to obesity. Therefore, reducing the appeal of high-calorie foods and enhancing the appeal of low-calorie alternatives are crucial for promoting healthy eating. The aesthetics of food, which can be divided into classical and expressive beauty—both of which are perceived as equally attractive—play a vital role in enhancing its hedonic value. This study aimed to explore how these two aesthetic classifications affect the choice of high- or low-calorie foods using a food decision-making paradigm. By investigating the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying the influence of different aesthetic features on healthy food choices, we sought to enhance our understanding of the intrinsic processes involved in dietary decision-making.
This study (N = 31) employed a within-subjects experimental design of 2 (Aesthetic features: classical beauty, expressive beauty) × 2 (Food calories: high, low) to explore how visual aesthetics and hedonic value influence dietary decisions. We combined behavioural measures, algorithmic modelling, and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate this interaction. Specifically, a hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) was used to fit participants’ response times (RTs) and choice data and estimate decision parameters, including drift rate (v), threshold (a), and nondecision time (ndt), for each condition separately. EEG recordings were collected according to the international 10-20 system using tin electrodes mounted on a flexible cap, capturing brain activity from 64 scalp locations. The N300, N400, and CPP event-related potentials (ERPs) were analysed as indices of calorie processing, aesthetic feature processing, and decision signal accumulation, respectively.
Behavioural results revealed that participants preferred high-calorie foods, as indicated by higher choice rates and shorter RTs, compared to low-calorie foods. Additionally, foods plated with classical beauty were chosen more frequently and with shorter RTs than those plated with expressive beauty. Notably, the influence of caloric content on food choice was significantly greater than that of aesthetic features. HDDM parameter estimation showed that high-calorie foods and those plated with classical beauty had higher drift rates, suggesting faster decision-making. Furthermore, aesthetic features moderated the impact of caloric content on drift rates: classical beauty decreased rejection speeds for low-calorie foods and increased their selection probability, while expressive beauty slowed the choice process for high-calorie foods and increased their rejection probability. EEG analysis revealed that low-calorie foods elicited a larger N300 amplitude than did high-calorie foods, indicating greater cognitive processing. Foods plated with expressive beauty elicited a larger N400 amplitude than those plated with classical beauty, indicating deeper semantic processing. Additionally, for high-calorie foods, the two aesthetic classes induced significant differences in CPP; however, for low-calorie foods, no significant differences were found. This pattern indicates that conflicts between caloric and aesthetic values increase decision-making difficulty.
In conclusion, the results showed that in dietary decision-making, classical beauty (vs. expressive beauty) was associated with greater aesthetic value and greater semantic processing fluency. Aesthetic value could significantly influence the perceived reward of calorie content. Additionally, the salience of calorie value exceeded that of aesthetic value. Furthermore, both synergistic and competitive interactions between caloric and aesthetic values occurred during the decision evidence accumulation process, reflecting the intensity of motivational conflict and affecting both decision speed (v) and decision difficulty (CPP). This study revealed the moderating effect and cognitive neural basis of aesthetic value in healthy eating decisions and provided guidance on the aesthetic design of food plating for promoting healthy eating choices in practical applications.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： Scarcity is the perception of insufficient resources within a specific domain, referring to an individual’s perception and cognition when the resources they possess are inadequate compared to what is needed to accomplish a task. Money, as a common incentive in life and a typical example of tangible resource scarcity, has been demonstrated in various studies to impact one’s prosocial behaviors. However, past research on the influence of financial scarcity on prosocial behaviors has largely focused on actions that require significant personal cost, such as donations and cooperation, with relatively less attention given to low-cost prosocial actions—social mindfulness. There is no consensus yet on whether individuals under financial scarcity become more selfish or more generous.Furthermore, social mindfulness, unlike traditional prosocial behaviors, is centrally about perceiving others’ needs and is thus more likely to be influenced by the social information cues of the recipients themselves, but its operation under conditions of financial scarcity remains unclear. Therefore, this study also primarily examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThis study, drawing on scarcity theory and social cognition theory, explores the impact of financial scarcity on individual social mindfulness through three experiments. It also examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Specifically,Experiment 1 is primarily based on the social cognition of others’ charisma, exploring it from the perspective of attractiveness. It includes Experiments 1a and 1b, which respectively investigate the effects of recipients’ facial and vocal attractiveness on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 2 focuses on the social cognition of self-presentation, exploring through facial expressions and examining the effects of different face types and expressions of the recipients on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 3 is based on the social cognition of renown, assessing the impact of the recipients’ social class status on financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThe experimental results found that compared to the non-financial scarcity group, the financial scarcity group exhibited less social mindfulness. Additionally, the social information cues of the recipients moderated the expression of social mindfulness, with attractive faces, voices, positive emotional expressions, and lower social class status eliciting more social mindfulness. Finally, recipients’ social information cues facilitated the expression of social mindfulness, with a stronger enhancing effect observed in the non-financial scarcity group./t/nThis study expands the research on the relationship between financial scarcity and prosocial behavior, revealing the moderating role of recipients’ social information cues. It provides a theoretical reference for developing interventions aimed at fostering social mindfulness in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-05-13
Abstract： The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, these impacts have persisted even as life gradually has returned to normal. The changes in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily observed in the form of excessive screen time, reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviors, limited variety in food, irregular eating patterns, staying up late and getting up even later. This study aims to establish a family risk framework to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes in health risk behaviors. This framework can be integrated with life history theory to provide insights into the lasting effects of these behaviors in the post-pandemic era. Future research should focus on long-term tracking of the developmental trajectories of health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, there is a critical need for more empirical research to explore the complex interplay between family-related risk factors, life history theory, and health risk behaviors in this demographic. These research efforts will provide universal approaches for addressing children and adolescents’ health issues in situations such as major unforeseen events and natural disasters.
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