Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-22
Abstract： As data science and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies gain increasing attention in the field of human decision making, human-AI collaborative decision making has gradually become the mainstream approach to organizational decision making. This approach effectively integrates experience-centered supportive decision making with data-centered automated decision making. Existing research has mainly focused on the effects of AI in individual decision making and related influencing factors, largely neglecting the discussion of AI assistance in group decision making. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the effectiveness of AI assistance in group decision making. Based on a review of existing research related to AI-assisted decision making and group decision making, this paper describes how AI engagement affects the consensus level, confidence level, and accuracy of group decision making. In this paper, we explored the effect of AI assistance in group decision making mainly through mathematical modeling, numerical simulation, and a behavioral experiment. First, we used mathematical modeling to portray the mathematical forms of individual cognition, AI cognition, social influence, and AI influence in group decision making. We proposed three measurement expressions for group decision making performance. Then, through comparison and simulation analysis, we observed the changes in group decision making performance under AI assistance. Finally, we designed a behavioral experiment to collect responses from 120 participants (divided into 10 groups) responding to six questions. We completed four rounds of responses for each question by feeding group information and AI predictions. By analyzing the answers of these groups, we tested our research conjecture. The main results of this paper are as follows. First, compared with no AI assistance, group decision making with AI assistance significantly enhances the consensus level, confidence level and accuracy of group decision. Second, the enhancement effect of AI assistance on consensus level is time-sensitive, while the enhancement on confidence level has a delayed effect. Third, the earlier appearance of AI assistance has a more significant effect on enhancing group confidence. The main theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, this paper extends the research field of AI-assisted decision making. Specifically, we focus on the effect of AI intervention in group decision making. Second, this paper enriches the understanding of information diversity in group decision making, and makes the first attempt to integrate the collision of human and machine intelligence. Finally, this paper synthesizes the dimensions of group decision making performance, and comprehensively examines the effects of AI-assisted group decision making from the perspectives of consensus, information, and accuracy. Our findings provide new insights for the frameworks of organizational group decision making, which have practical implications for building AI-enhanced group decision making processes.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend in investigating sensory processing during human locomotion. However, questions related to multisensory processing while walking remain numerous and not yet well explored. In this theoretical research, we provide a general review of the progress made in human walking-related cognition research based on the development of Mobile EEG, while highlight the lack of focus on multisensory processing. Additionally, we present some interesting findings from animal models related to multisensory processing during locomotion, which contributes to the motivation of a systematic investigation into multisensory processing. Finally, we propose several interesting and practical research questions that future studies should address to gain a better understanding of human cognition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Individual’s attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV) can significantly predict one’s IPV related behaviour, which will be reflected not only in the perpetrator or victim, but also in the willingness and response of third parties to intervene. By introducing attitudes into the field of IPV, we were able to convert the question of the causes of IPV into a question of the causes of IPV attitudes, breaking through the original research limitations. From the perspectives of social learning theory and feminist theory, IPV attitudes connect two explanatory paths: IPV-related social learning experiences/patriarchal ideology – IPV Attitudes - IPV. Future research could benefit from combining the unique perspectives - social learning theory’s emphasis on causal processes and feminist theory’s emphasis on causal roots - to incorporate both protective and risk factors, from the individual level to the group level, and to develop a multivariate interacting explanatory model of IPV attitudes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Judgments of learning (JOLs) refer to learners’ subjective predictions of whether they can successfully extract what they have learned on future tests. Face memory is an important foundation for acquiring information during social interactions and ensuring that social activities are carried out properly. Emotion and attractiveness are two important cues that influence JOLs of face memory. In reality, emotion and attractiveness often appear simultaneously in the same face. However, previous studies have only examined the effects of the two cues on JOLs individually, and have not deeply explored the effects of the integration of the two cues on the accuracy of JOLs and their mechanisms./t/nThe present study first explored the proportion of the number of emotional and attractive cue integrators. Then, we increased the gradient of each level of the attractiveness cue in Experiment 1, and utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: cue-integrated group, non-cue-integrated group) × 3 (emotional cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) × 3 (attractiveness cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) to explore whether the cue-integration could improve face memory and the accuracy of JOLs. In Experiment 2, in order to further improve the sensitivity of the subjects to the two cues, the mixed experimental design was changed to 2 (group: cue-integration group, non-cue-integration group) × 2 (emotional cues: high intensity, low intensity) × 2 (attraction cues: high intensity, low intensity), and the EEG was used to investigate the temporal characteristics of cue-integration in promoting the accuracy of JOLs./t/nFindings: (1) Subjects integrated both emotion and attraction cues for JOLs ratings(the pre-experiment). (2) Integrating emotional and attractiveness cues improved the accuracy of JOLs (Experiment 1). (3) The group that integrated cues had a higher amplitude of late positive waves (LPP) in the parietal region during the encoding stage and late negative waves (NSW) in the frontal region during the JOLs stage compared to the group that did not integrate cues. Additionally, the amplitudes of NSW and LPP in the cue-integrated group were significantly correlated with the accuracy of JOLs(Experiment 2). The study found that individuals who integrated emotion and attractiveness cues during the encoding stage were better able to allocate cognitive resources for cognitive assessment and retain information in the JOLs stage. This led to more accurate monitoring of their own face memory. The study suggests that integrating two cues can improve cognitive performance./t/nThis study offers a foundation for individuals to comprehend the impact of cue integration on memory and metamemory in real-world face learning scenarios. It also aids in the development of effective learning plans and strategies, as well as precise monitoring of the learning process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2024-05-20
Abstract： Compulsion stands as a central symptom of drug addiction; however, only a small fraction of drug users exhibit compulsive characteristics. Differences observed in Sign-trackers (ST) and Goal-trackers (GT) during Pavlovian conditioning may shed light on individual variances in drug addiction. Here, we focus on the behavioral attributes, formation processes, and neural mechanisms underlying ST and how they drive addiction towards compulsivity in humans. We will explore addiction from three interconnected levels: individual personality traits, social factors, and neurobiology. Furthermore, we distinguish between the processes of sensitization and habituation within ST. These nuanced distinctions across various aspects of addiction will contribute to our understanding of the addiction development process and the formulation of targeted preventive strategies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-05-20
Abstract： “Understanding and improving decision-making” is considered to be a major priority for researchers in behavioral decision-making. Investigating framing effects can simultaneously achieve the goals of understanding and improving decision-making. Currently, framing effects are mainly studied and applied in multi-attribute and risky decision-making fields, with relatively less attention directed toward the exploration of intertemporal and spatial decision-making despite their common occurrences in real-life scenarios. Given the interchangeable nature of time and space, this project seeks to investigate the potential existence of a new time-space framing effect (i.e., preference changes resulting from using a time or space framing to describe the same decision problem) that can effectively contribute to understanding and improving real-life spatiotemporal decision-making. To address the proposed question, this project intends to examine the phenomenon of the time–space framing effect (Study 1), unravel its psychological mechanisms (Studies 2 and 3), and ascertain its practical implications for nudging behavior (Study 4) by employing multiple methods, such as cognitive-behavioral approach, eye-tracking technique, and field experiment. The findings of this project are anticipated to provide a new research perspective and paradigm for understanding intertemporal and spatial decision-making while furnishing psychological insights to nudge individuals and organizations toward making more judicious decisions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： In recent years, global concern has escalated over personal financial stress, impacting individuals both in their personal lives and at work. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of its effects on workplace outcomes, including the underlying reasons and conditions. This study presents a framework derived from a systematic review of existing research, delving into the spillover effects of financial stress on the workplace. It examines its manifestations, mechanisms, and the factors that exacerbate or alleviate its impact. Financial stress not only influences individual work-related attitudes, behaviors, performance, occupational outcomes, and work-family dynamics, but also impacts colleagues, teams, and organizational outputs. While it primarily has negative effects, it can also stimulate some positive behaviors. For individuals, its effects are channeled primarily through resource, cognitive, and motivational pathways, while for others, it operates via uncertainty management, compensation control, and emotional contagion. The impact varies depending on employee characteristics, job specifics, and the broader macroeconomic context. Future research should further differentiate between various spillover effects, broaden the research scope and methodologies, explore how stress can be transformed into motivation, and tailor studies to the socio-cultural context of Chinese society. These endeavors will advance our understanding of this issue and offer valuable guidance for management practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： The effectiveness of controversial narcissistic leadership has not yet reached a consensus. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 73 independent empirical studies in 67 articles to explore and verify whether, when, and how narcissistic leadership is ‘Woe-fortune interdependence’. The research shows that: (1) Although the overall effect of narcissistic leadership is negative, it has a two-sided effect, that is, the leadership style will increase the pressure of subordinates and inhibit their work attitudes, behaviors and performance, but it will promote their innovation. (2) Industry type, organizational attributes, employee category, employee education and measurement tools have a moderating effect. That is, narcissistic leadership is more harmful to manufacturing (vs.services), for-profit organizations (vs.non-profit organizations), non-knowledge workers (vs.knowledge workers) and low-educated employees, and the use of Hochwarter and Thompson scale (vs.NPI-16 scale) to measure narcissistic leadership, the negative impact is stronger. (3) The two-sided effects of narcissistic leadership are stably realized through employees’ psychological safety (negative effect) and creative self-efficacy (positive effect). The research provides a basis for giving full play to the effectiveness of narcissistic leadership.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-19
Abstract： Background and Objective: Shame, as a negative emotion, has unclear potential impacts on creativity and its underlying psychological mechanisms. Based on the cognitive adjustment model theory and the emotion regulation process model, this study explores the effect of shame on creativity and examines the serial mediation roles of self-forgiveness and sense of life meaning in this relationship.
Methods: Using simple random sampling, this study randomly selected 419 participants from the population and conducted data collection and analysis.
Results: (1) Shame was positively correlated with creativity (r= 0.14, p <0.01); (2) Self-forgiveness mediated the effect of shame on creativity; (3) Shame influenced creativity through the serial mediation of self-forgiveness and meaning in life.
Conclusion: This study reveals the positive impact of shame on creativity and its underlying psychological mechanisms, particularly the serial mediation roles of self-forgiveness and meaning in life. These findings provide referential intervention strategies for enhancing individual creativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Chinese is a writing system widely used by Chinese people worldwide and has many distinct characteristics. Due to its uniqueness, theories and models of alphabetic languages cannot be directly applied to Chinese. Previous Chinese studies lack systematic computational models for lexical and semantic processing. To address this issue, this study first plans to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous literature. Next, computational models will be constructed to simulate the processing of Chinese word presented in isolation and during natural reading. The model has the following characteristics: a) it can process both single-character and multi-character words; b) it can simulate orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of words, as well as their interactions; c) it can simulate the impact of contextual cues on word processing during sentence comprehension. Finally, the assumptions and predictions of the model are planned to be validated in experimental studies. The established model can guide experimental research and has significant theoretical significance. The research findings will help clarify the cognitive mechanisms of Chinese reading and the dynamic process of lexical processing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Faced with the pressures of academic achievement, employment, and other life stressors, contemporary young people are experiencing heightened levels of anxiety and unease. Their spiritual and cultural needs are continuously evolving, necessitating the exploration of additional avenues for psychological solace. Contemporary art spaces have emerged as one of the primary means through which the public can satisfy these needs. As a result, their public responsibility has become increasingly apparent. In recent years, there has been a gradual shift towards incorporating art therapy into these spaces as part of their developmental transformation. This article begins by categorizing the spatial presentation of art therapy and analyzing its inherent logic and operational mechanisms. It then delves into exploring the interactive relationship between individuals, art therapy, and contemporary art spaces in order to seek out common ground for their mutual development potential.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-17
Abstract： In China, patients not only accord doctors a high occupational reputation, but also expect them not to earn a modest occupational income. This phenomenon contradicts the matching mechanism between occupational reputation and income in the free market. The root of the contradiction may stem from the moralization of the doctors’ occupation. In China’s government-led healthcare system, patients expect doctors to possess selfless moral qualities and regard lower occupational income as an important criterion for evaluating the occupational ethics and skills of doctors. Therefore, if patients detect the signal clues of doctors having a higher occupational income, it will initially diminish the patients’ perception of the occupational ethics and skills of doctors, subsequently eroding their level of trust in doctors. In addition, belief in the doctor-patient relationship can affect patients’ moral sensitivity to doctors. Patients who adhere to market-oriented doctor-patient relationship beliefs are more likely to relax their moral constraints on doctors and treat the relationship between doctors’ occupational income and trustworthiness with market-oriented mechanisms. In the present set of experiments, we systematically examined the relationship between doctors’ occupational income signals and patients’ trust and explored the effects of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception, as well as the moderating mechanism of doctor-patient relationship beliefs. In the pilot study, we set up a medical context to activate the perception of occupational income signals for participants. By manipulating the occupational income signals into the doctor’s clothing, we selected a handbag, coat, watch, and sports shoes as signal items for manipulation testing. Study 1 was designed to test the impact of the doctor’s occupational income signal on patients’ trust. The priming of the occupational income signal was the same as in the pilot study, and then participants were informed of their diagnosis and treatment results, and treatment plans afterward. It was expected that the perception of the doctor’s occupational income signal would affect their trust in the doctor. Study 2 examined the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception based on Study 1. The questionnaires on medical ethics perception and medical skills perception were adapted from the Wake Forest Medical Trust Scale (WFPTS). Study 3 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs on doctor’s occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships. The doctor-patient relationship belief questionnaire was based on a review of relevant literature. Study 4 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs in the chain mediation of “occupational income signal→ medical ethics perception →medical skills perception →patients’ trust” using the same questionnaires and materials as Study 1 and Study 3. The main results were as follows: (1) In the pilot study, the participants had significant differences in their perception of the prices and occupational income levels of the handbag, coat, watch and sports shoes; (2) The results of Study 1 showed that the doctors’ occupational income signal had a significant negative impact on patients’ trust; (3) The results of Study 2 demonstrated the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (4) Study 3 found that doctor-patient relationship beliefs had a significant moderating effect on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (5) The results of Study 4 indicated that the doctor’s occupational income signal was not moderated by the doctor-patient relationship beliefs, as it affected the chain mediation of patients’ trust through the perception of medical ethics and medical skills. Our findings demonstrated that occupational income signals can significantly affect patients’ willingness to trust doctors, as well as the important role of cognition and evaluation of doctors’ occupational ethics. Due to sensitivity to the occupational ethics of doctors, patients did not allow doctors to earn higher occupational income, even those who uphold the belief in market-oriented doctor-patient relationships. Based on our results, we recommend that future researchers pay more attention to the importance of macro-healthcare systems and social structural factors, especially their top-down impact on shaping and maintaining doctor-patient trust at the interpersonal level.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： The spontaneous human preference for high-calorie foods often leads to imbalanced dietary intake and contributes to obesity. Therefore, reducing the appeal of high-calorie foods and enhancing the appeal of low-calorie alternatives are crucial for promoting healthy eating. The aesthetics of food, which can be divided into classical and expressive beauty—both of which are perceived as equally attractive—play a vital role in enhancing its hedonic value. This study aimed to explore how these two aesthetic classifications affect the choice of high- or low-calorie foods using a food decision-making paradigm. By investigating the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying the influence of different aesthetic features on healthy food choices, we sought to enhance our understanding of the intrinsic processes involved in dietary decision-making.
This study (N = 31) employed a within-subjects experimental design of 2 (Aesthetic features: classical beauty, expressive beauty) × 2 (Food calories: high, low) to explore how visual aesthetics and hedonic value influence dietary decisions. We combined behavioural measures, algorithmic modelling, and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate this interaction. Specifically, a hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) was used to fit participants’ response times (RTs) and choice data and estimate decision parameters, including drift rate (v), threshold (a), and nondecision time (ndt), for each condition separately. EEG recordings were collected according to the international 10-20 system using tin electrodes mounted on a flexible cap, capturing brain activity from 64 scalp locations. The N300, N400, and CPP event-related potentials (ERPs) were analysed as indices of calorie processing, aesthetic feature processing, and decision signal accumulation, respectively.
Behavioural results revealed that participants preferred high-calorie foods, as indicated by higher choice rates and shorter RTs, compared to low-calorie foods. Additionally, foods plated with classical beauty were chosen more frequently and with shorter RTs than those plated with expressive beauty. Notably, the influence of caloric content on food choice was significantly greater than that of aesthetic features. HDDM parameter estimation showed that high-calorie foods and those plated with classical beauty had higher drift rates, suggesting faster decision-making. Furthermore, aesthetic features moderated the impact of caloric content on drift rates: classical beauty decreased rejection speeds for low-calorie foods and increased their selection probability, while expressive beauty slowed the choice process for high-calorie foods and increased their rejection probability. EEG analysis revealed that low-calorie foods elicited a larger N300 amplitude than did high-calorie foods, indicating greater cognitive processing. Foods plated with expressive beauty elicited a larger N400 amplitude than those plated with classical beauty, indicating deeper semantic processing. Additionally, for high-calorie foods, the two aesthetic classes induced significant differences in CPP; however, for low-calorie foods, no significant differences were found. This pattern indicates that conflicts between caloric and aesthetic values increase decision-making difficulty.
In conclusion, the results showed that in dietary decision-making, classical beauty (vs. expressive beauty) was associated with greater aesthetic value and greater semantic processing fluency. Aesthetic value could significantly influence the perceived reward of calorie content. Additionally, the salience of calorie value exceeded that of aesthetic value. Furthermore, both synergistic and competitive interactions between caloric and aesthetic values occurred during the decision evidence accumulation process, reflecting the intensity of motivational conflict and affecting both decision speed (v) and decision difficulty (CPP). This study revealed the moderating effect and cognitive neural basis of aesthetic value in healthy eating decisions and provided guidance on the aesthetic design of food plating for promoting healthy eating choices in practical applications.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-15
Abstract： Scarcity is the perception of insufficient resources within a specific domain, referring to an individual’s perception and cognition when the resources they possess are inadequate compared to what is needed to accomplish a task. Money, as a common incentive in life and a typical example of tangible resource scarcity, has been demonstrated in various studies to impact one’s prosocial behaviors. However, past research on the influence of financial scarcity on prosocial behaviors has largely focused on actions that require significant personal cost, such as donations and cooperation, with relatively less attention given to low-cost prosocial actions—social mindfulness. There is no consensus yet on whether individuals under financial scarcity become more selfish or more generous.Furthermore, social mindfulness, unlike traditional prosocial behaviors, is centrally about perceiving others’ needs and is thus more likely to be influenced by the social information cues of the recipients themselves, but its operation under conditions of financial scarcity remains unclear. Therefore, this study also primarily examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThis study, drawing on scarcity theory and social cognition theory, explores the impact of financial scarcity on individual social mindfulness through three experiments. It also examines the moderating role of recipients’ own social information cues in the relationship between financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Specifically,Experiment 1 is primarily based on the social cognition of others’ charisma, exploring it from the perspective of attractiveness. It includes Experiments 1a and 1b, which respectively investigate the effects of recipients’ facial and vocal attractiveness on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 2 focuses on the social cognition of self-presentation, exploring through facial expressions and examining the effects of different face types and expressions of the recipients on financial scarcity and social mindfulness. Experiment 3 is based on the social cognition of renown, assessing the impact of the recipients’ social class status on financial scarcity and social mindfulness./t/nThe experimental results found that compared to the non-financial scarcity group, the financial scarcity group exhibited less social mindfulness. Additionally, the social information cues of the recipients moderated the expression of social mindfulness, with attractive faces, voices, positive emotional expressions, and lower social class status eliciting more social mindfulness. Finally, recipients’ social information cues facilitated the expression of social mindfulness, with a stronger enhancing effect observed in the non-financial scarcity group./t/nThis study expands the research on the relationship between financial scarcity and prosocial behavior, revealing the moderating role of recipients’ social information cues. It provides a theoretical reference for developing interventions aimed at fostering social mindfulness in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-05-13
Abstract： The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, these impacts have persisted even as life gradually has returned to normal. The changes in health risk behaviors among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic were primarily observed in the form of excessive screen time, reduced physical activity, increased sedentary behaviors, limited variety in food, irregular eating patterns, staying up late and getting up even later. This study aims to establish a family risk framework to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes in health risk behaviors. This framework can be integrated with life history theory to provide insights into the lasting effects of these behaviors in the post-pandemic era. Future research should focus on long-term tracking of the developmental trajectories of health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Moreover, there is a critical need for more empirical research to explore the complex interplay between family-related risk factors, life history theory, and health risk behaviors in this demographic. These research efforts will provide universal approaches for addressing children and adolescents’ health issues in situations such as major unforeseen events and natural disasters.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-12
Abstract： Consumer guilt refers to negative feelings caused by consumer’s behavior that violates social norms or individual values. Consumer guilt exists universally in college students who are not economically independent yet but have a strong willingness to consume. However, few studies have systematically examined what caused consumer guilt in college students. Related research showed that people with different socioeconomic status (SES) had different psychological experience during consuming. Therefore, the level of consumer guilt may vary in college students with different SES. College students’ parents bring them up and also provide them financial support. As main factors of parent-child relationship, Parenting styles and parent-child communication probably moderate the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Materialism is a value emphasizing the importance of material wealth in individual life. Individuals with high materialism are more likely to engage in irrational consumption, which leads to consumer guilt. That means different level of materialism probably influences the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. Furthermore, the current study also explores the moderating effects of parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism on the relationship between SES and consumer guilt. The current study recruited 560 college students online, who were from different Chinese universities(Mage = 20.94±1.99 years, 266 females). 560 participants completed questionnaires on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt, objective and subjective socioeconomic status, parenting styles, parent-child communication, and materialism. SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 4.1 were used to analyze data. The results showed that:(1) Objective SES significantly negatively predicted both anticipated consumer guilt and reactive consumer guilt, but subjective SES had no significant effect on anticipated and reactive consumer guilt. (2) Parenting styles and parent-child communication moderated the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. When parenting styles(high parents’ emotional warmth、low parents’ rejection and low father’s over protection) and parent-child communication (high conversation、low conformity) were positive, objective SES could significantly negatively predict consumer guilt; when parenting styles and parent-child communication were negative, objective SES had no significant effect on consumer guilt. (3) Materialism had no significant moderating effect on the relationship between objective SES and consumer guilt. The results indicate that objective SES may influence college students’ consumer guilt, and the protective role of family factors on the influence is more reflected in high objective SES college students.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-05-10
Abstract： The Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) is closely associated with individual psychological health. Traditional studies have used the mean value of CAR over several days to explore this relationship; however, research conclusions have been highly inconsistent due to the influence of state-dependent factors such as sleep. Therefore, this study introduces CAR variability across multiple days as a novel measure to quantify CAR and investigates its relationship with psychological health by considering trait anxiety and psychological resilience as key variables under controlled or manipulated sleep efficiency scenarios. It was hypothesized that under controlled sleep efficiency conditions, smaller CAR variability reflects positive psychological health characteristics, specifically higher psychological resilience scores and lower trait anxiety scores. Conversely, under manipulated sleep efficiency conditions, greater CAR variability was hypothesized to better reflect positive psychological health characteristics, specifically higher psychological resilience scores and lower trait anxiety scores. Two experiments were conducted to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, 28 participants reduced CAR variability by increasing sleep efficiency stability under three similar natural sleep days. In Experiment 2, 41 participants experienced a full night of sleep deprivation following two natural sleep days to increase CAR variability. All participants wore a sleep wristwatch to assess their sleep efficiency during the experimental period and provided four saliva samples at awakening and at 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-awakening to assess CAR. The Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used as key variables reflecting individual psychological health. Finally, the relationship between CAR variability over multiple days and trait anxiety/psychological resilience was examined. Experiment 1 found no significant differences in participants’ sleep efficiency or CAR across the three natural sleep days. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was observed between CAR variability and trait anxiety scores over the three days, indicating that smaller CAR variability in a stable environment is associated with lower levels of trait anxiety. Experiment 2 found no significant differences in participants’ sleep efficiency and CAR across the first two natural sleep days. However, on the third day, following a full night of sleep deprivation, CAR showed a marked blunting, with post-deprivation CAR levels significantly lower than those on the preceding two natural sleep days. Moreover, Experiment 2 found a significant positive correlation between CAR variability before and after sleep deprivation and psychological resilience. This suggests that higher CAR variability in a changing environment is associated with higher levels of psychological resilience. When the traditional CAR mean was used as a measure to explore its relationship with trait anxiety and psychological resilience, no significant correlations were found in either experiment. These results indicate that CAR variability is a reliable physiological indicator of psychological health. Smaller CAR variability in stable environments is associated with lower levels of trait anxiety, whereas greater CAR variability in more variable environments is associated with higher levels of psychological resilience. This study emphasizes the importance of considering CAR variability over multiple days to understand how individuals adapt to daily stressors and challenges, providing new perspectives and evidence for promoting psychological health and designing effective intervention strategies in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： This paper presented three experiments investigating how individuals from Eastern cultural perceive their true selves through either intuitive or deliberate choices. Experiment 1 replicated the study conducted by Maglio and Reich (2019), employing a product selection task and utilizing instructions to initiate the decision-making process. Experiments 2 and 3 expanded the findings to tasks including partner selection and travel destination choice, manipulating the decision-making process through time pressure. The results contradicted established Western findings, suggesting that individuals from Eastern cultural believe that choices made through deliberation more accurately reflect their true selves, with choice confidence serving a mediating role. These findings shed light on the cultural variances in understanding the true self through intuition or deliberation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： The effect of difficulty on the font size effect was examined by event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. The results revealed that (1) subjects gave lower judgment of learning (JOLs) values for difficult word pairs compared to simple word pairs; and there was no difference in JOLs values for large fonts compared to small fonts. (2) Font size affects the early stage of encoding (200-300 ms), which induces individuals to process learning items superficially (non-semantic encoding); and difficulty affects the middle and late stage of encoding (450-600 ms), when difficult word pairs induce individuals to process learning items deeply (semantic encoding). (3) Subjects performing JOLs would evoke LPN components in the prefrontal lobe representing the attempted extraction. The above results indicate that the difficulty cue in the encoding stage eliminates the font size effect by inducing individuals to semantically encode items; in the JOLs stage individuals will make attempts to extract, a process in which individuals make accurate JOLs based on semantically encoded information.The results of the present study not only illustrate the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the generation and elimination of the font size effect, but also provide neural evidence on how to improve the accuracy of JOLs, a metamemory monitoring process provides neural evidence for the accuracy of the process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： Judgments of learning (JOLs) refer to learners’ subjective predictions of whether they can successfully extract what they have learned on future tests. Face memory is an important foundation for acquiring information during social interactions and ensuring that social activities are carried out properly. Emotion and attractiveness are two important cues that influence JOLs of face memory. In reality, emotion and attractiveness often appear simultaneously in the same face. However, previous studies have only examined the effects of the two cues on JOLs individually, and have not deeply explored the effects of the integration of the two cues on the accuracy of JOLs and their mechanisms./t/nThe present study first explored the proportion of the number of emotional and attractive cue integrators. Then, we increased the gradient of each level of the attractiveness cue in Experiment 1, and utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: cue-integrated group, non-cue-integrated group) × 3 (emotional cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) × 3 (attractiveness cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) to explore whether the cue-integration could improve face memory and the accuracy of JOLs. In Experiment 2, in order to further improve the sensitivity of the subjects to the two cues, the mixed experimental design was changed to 2 (group: cue-integration group, non-cue-integration group) × 2 (emotional cues: high intensity, low intensity) × 2 (attraction cues: high intensity, low intensity), and the EEG was used to investigate the temporal characteristics of cue-integration in promoting the accuracy of JOLs./t/nFindings: (1) Subjects integrated both emotion and attraction cues for JOLs ratings(the pre-experiment). (2) Integrating emotional and attractiveness cues improved the accuracy of JOLs (Experiment 1). (3) The group that integrated cues had a higher amplitude of late positive waves (LPP) in the parietal region during the encoding stage and late negative waves (NSW) in the frontal region during the JOLs stage compared to the group that did not integrate cues. Additionally, the amplitudes of NSW and LPP in the cue-integrated group were significantly correlated with the accuracy of JOLs(Experiment 2). The study found that individuals who integrated emotion and attractiveness cues during the encoding stage were better able to allocate cognitive resources for cognitive assessment and retain information in the JOLs stage. This led to more accurate monitoring of their own face memory. The study suggests that integrating two cues can improve cognitive performance./t/nThis study offers a foundation for individuals to comprehend the impact of cue integration on memory and metamemory in real-world face learning scenarios. It also aids in the development of effective learning plans and strategies, as well as precise monitoring of the learning process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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