Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-25
Abstract： This review explores the complex attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence (AI) from the perspectives of benefit theory, threat theory, and dialectical relations. Initially, the discussion highlights how AI, as a form of technological advancement, fosters work efficiency, decision-making quality, and innovation across various domains, reflecting the optimistic evaluations and expectations placed on AI. Subsequently, the review shifts focus on the potential threats presented by AI, including privacy infringement, job market disruption, and ethical dilemmas, showcasing the critical concerns surrounding AI development. Moreover, examining AI from a dialectical standpoint underscores the importance of balancing technological innovation with ethical considerations. This entails a discussion on future research directions, emphasizing cross-cultural ethical explorations and the enhancement of human-AI collaboration. The review concludes that a comprehensive understanding and evaluation of AI necessitate transcending singular viewpoints, incorporating multidisciplinary insights to facilitate the sustainable development and social integration of AI technologies.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-04-24
Abstract： The rapid advancement and widespread application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have significantly altered human living and working practices, thereby attracting scholarly attention to its sociocultural implications. This literature review examines the influence of cultural factors on the interpretation, principles, and utilization of AI across diverse contexts, emphasizing the critical interaction between AI technologies and cultural psychological principles. AI encompasses a broad spectrum of capabilities, ranging from basic algorithms to sophisticated machine learning systems, designed for tasks such as sensory perception, linguistic understanding, and decision-making. However, the adoption and integration of these technologies exhibit considerable variation across different cultural environments. The study highlights the importance of integrating cultural perspectives to achieve equitable, effective, and universally acceptable AI systems. Through the lens of cultural psychology, this research provides insights into the development of culturally attuned AI systems. It advocates for a comprehensive understanding of both cultural variances and shared values within the realm of AI. The paper proposes future research directions focusing on incorporating cultural diversity into AI research and applications, aiming to realize the full global potential of AI technologies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-24
Abstract： “Well-being” is a core research topic in the field of positive psychology, which is also a focal point of great interest in contemporary society. While a general consensus exists on the conceptions of Well-being, cultural norms and values significantly shape individuals’ perceptions and pursuits of well-being. For example, in collectivist cultures, Well-being is closely linked with community relationships and social harmony; while in individualistic cultures, well-being is more frequently associated with personal achievement and autonomy. Understanding these subtle differences between cultures is vital for developing effective strategies to enhance well-being. Future research should consider cultural factors thoroughly and conduct more detailed cross-cultural studies on well-being, aiming to design culturally effective interventions that respect and integrate different cultural perspectives on promoting well-being.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Fairness plays a critical role in maintaining the social order. To understand fairness development, numerous studies have examined children's upholding fairness behaviors, such as resource allocation. In particular, the emergence of third-party altruism in Chinese children at the age of 8−10 is an important turning point in fairness development. Third-party altruism refers to the behavior of individuals voluntarily paying costs to punish violators, which is a form of prosocial behavior. Most previous studies have confirmed that social value orientation (SVO) affects prosocial behaviors, and some cognitive neuroscience studies have found that SVO and emotion together affect prosocial behaviors. However, we do not know the specific mechanisms by which children's SVO and emotions affect their third-party altruistic behaviors. Additionally, because third-party altruism can adopt punishment and compensation, the mechanisms may be different. Therefore, through two experiments, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of children's SVO and emotion on third-party altruism and the difference between children's third-party punishment and compensation behaviors in three offer conditions (i.e., high inequality, moderate inequality, and equality). Experiment 1 was based on the third-party punishment task and aimed to investigate the effect of children’s SVO on their emotion and punitive behaviors and to verify the mediating role of emotion. We recruited 233 children aged 10−12 years. After completing the demographic information, they were instructed to complete three third-party punishment tasks revised from the dictator game. The proposer in the dictator game offered one, three, and five coins from 10 coins to the recipient successively. As the third party, children reported the level of pleasure and decided whether to spend any integer of their endowed five coins to punish the proposer in each task. For every coin spent, two coins were deducted from the proposer’s endowment. The results revealed that prosocial children (vs. the pro-self) were more unpleased and spent more coins to punish the proposer, and emotion played a mediating role in the relationship between SVO and third-party punitive behaviors in the high inequality condition but not in the moderate inequality or equality conditions. To deeply understand children’s third-party altruistic behaviors and compare the two kinds of behaviors, we conducted Experiment 2 based on the third-party compensation task. We recruited 238 children aged 10−12 years. The experimental procedure was similar to that of Experiment 1, except that children in Experiment 2 spent coins to compensate the recipient rather than punish the proposer. The results revealed that prosocial children (vs. the pro-self) spent more coins to compensate the recipient in the high and moderate inequality conditions; emotion played a mediating role in the relationship between SVO and third-party compensation behaviors only in the high inequality condition. As for the difference between the two kinds of third-party altruistic behaviors, children in the third-party compensation (vs. punishment) task had less emotional fluctuation when confronted with three offers and spent more coins to maintain a fair order in the moderate unequal condition. These findings suggest that SVO had a stable effect on third-party punishment and compensation in 10- to 12-year-old children under all three offer conditions, and that emotion mediated the relationship between SVO and each kind of third-party altruistic behavior when children were confronted with an extremely unfair offer. Additionally, the children showed different levels of pleasure and behavior in the two third-party altruistic tasks. Our study contributes to revealing the mechanisms of SVO and emotion on two kinds of third-party altruistic behaviors and suggests that prosocial orientation is a critical factor in fostering children’s third-party altruism.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-13
Abstract： Third-party punishment (TPP) refers to the punitive behaviors that individuals impose on violators as third parties or observers in order to uphold social norms. Many studies have provided insight into the neural mechanisms underlying TPP behavior. However, few studies have focused on the overall role of functional brain networks. This paper reviews the researches related to TPP in the past decade and summarizes the relevant theoretical models and brain networks. Based on the previous studies, we propose a cognitive neural network model of TPP, which could systematically explain and integrate the neural mechanisms behind TPP behavior. In this model, the affective and reward systems are the TPP power sources, and the cognitive system is mainly responsible for responsibility assessment as well as punishment selection. The reward network, the salient network, the default mode network and the central executive network are involved in different cognitive processing stages, respectively. The model establishes the connection between TPP behavior-related research at the psychological and the cognitive-neural level and provides a more holistic and comprehensive explanation of the mechanisms of TPP behavior. In the future, it is necessary to use meta-analysis or machine learning algorisms in order to explore third-party intervention preferences and the underlying cognitive neural mechanisms in different contextual information and more complex social contexts.
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2023-07-13
XU Shaoqing
LIU Xinhua
ZHANG Huiping
LI Bo
TANG Xinfeng
QU Gaiping
BAO Yuqin
ZHAO Junping
FU Zhongfang
Abstract： Because interventions to reduce test anxiety’s detrimental consequences have remained ineffective, the academic community has begun to introduce the concept of mindfulness into such interventions following the concept’s repeated validation. The NIH stage model, aimed at promoting the implementation and dissemination of psychological interventions, divides the development of interventions into six stages: basic research, intervention generation and refinement, efficacy testing, mixed efficacy–effectiveness testing, effectiveness testing, and implementation and dissemination. In our study, we therefore organized past studies on mindfulness-based interventions for test anxiety according to the NIH’s model. First, we explored the potential mechanism underlying mindfulness when it comes to treating test anxiety. Second, we summarized three dominant approaches, labeled “initial evaluation of treatment,” “refinement of intervention,” and “promotion of implementation and dissemination,” all rooted in previous evidence. Last, considering the NIH’s model and the uniqueness of mindfulness as an intervetion, we encourage future research focused on exploring the mechanism of change and implementing pragmatic research while being sensitive to four aspects of recent studies on mindfulness: the inclusion of open monitoring, the proper assessment of treatment adherence, increasing attention to how mindful attitudes are learned, and the possible influence of different understandings of self between Western and Eastern cultures.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Facial attractiveness is of particular relevance to evolution. Facial attractiveness can be perceived rapidly and subsequently pose large impacts on other cognitive processes. Researchers have done a lot of behavioral and neural studies on the roles of facial attractiveness from the perspectives of attention, temporal perception, learning, memory, and decision-making over recent years. The discrepancies in past research mainly focused on the different behavioral and neural responses evoked by facial attractiveness in similar experimental tasks. There are also several extensible aspects in this line of research, such as the topics, technical methods and materials. Future fMRI studies are needed to further explore the neural mechanisms of how facial attractiveness influences cognition.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Social identity is the individual’s knowledge that he belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him of this group membership. Social Networking Sites (SNSs) have gradually penetrated into people's daily life. Previous studies showed that SNSs had changed the traditional environment of social identity, which is mainly reflected in five aspects: extend personal relationship networks, improving information exchange, providing a new presentation platform, giving people more privacy choices. SNSs play a vital role in the construction, expression, management, reconstruction of social identity. Further, SNSs may help the individual to create a sense of belonging. More attention should be paid to the research methods, research contents, and practical applications in this area.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Gender information is an important biological and social attribute of human beings. Rapid and accurate gender identification is of great significance to our survival and reproduction. Human gender processing is characterized by automation, stereotyping and asymmetry. It is influenced by gender processing subjects, other gender information, social category information, and higher-level cognitive regulation. Focusing on two main sources of gender information, namely faces and voices, research on the behavioral and neural mechanisms of gender processing were reviewed. In addition, a two-stage gender processing model was proposed, in which the early stage relates to a specific processing of the physical features aspect of gender information, and the later stage is a general processing of abstract gender information. Future research may focus on aspects of the systematic study of gender processing, gender classification and machine learning, and gender dimorphism, among others.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Experiential consumption refers to the consumption behavior with the purpose of obtaining an experience, while material consumption refers to the consumption behavior with the purpose of obtaining a kind of material goods. Previous studies found that these two different types of consumption have many different effects across different fields. Our study summarizes major research paradigms, assessment tools and research approaches used in past studies. Besides, differences in psychological and behavioral effects of these two types of consumption across different domains were summarized. Future research may pay more attention to the antecedents and internal dimensions of different consumption types, emphasize model construction, consider using search engine query data, and examine the possible “dark side” of experiential consumption.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The impression of trustworthiness based on facial appearance plays an important role in interpersonal trust and cooperative behavior. Previous research results have indicated that a variety of additional information (e.g., facial features, context) could affect facial judgments by both bottom-up and top-down processes. However, the mechanism of the two adjustment factors is still unclear. Focusing on this issue, our previous research has found that the top-down process is dominant when both approaches work together. Based on previous findings, the current research proposes the “experience transfer hypothesis”, that is, whether additional information could adjust the trustworthy evaluation of the current face is depended on the evaluator’s previous experience and its generalization results. Experience generalization determines the success of experience transfer. When new cues are lack of similarity to the cues from previous experiences or when previous cues are not strongly associated with the propensity to trust, the experience of trust will not be transferred to the new condition and thus the adjustment factors will fail. When people face two conflicting adjustment cues, the cue which is more similar to the previous cues that are closely related to trust tendencies will dominate the adjustment effect. Under the experience transfer hypothesis framework, this research will design and conduct behavioral experiments to verify the critical role of previous experience in adjusting facial trustworthiness. At the same time, we will use neuroimaging techniques to explore the cognitive neural mechanism of facial trustworthiness adjustment. For this purpose, three studies have been designed in the present research. Study 1 is designed to investigate the cognitive mechanism of the bottom-up and top-down adjustment factors and verify the moderating effect of experience transfer on the evaluation of facial trustworthiness. Regarding the adjustment effect, Study 2 will explore the boundary conditions of experience transfer from three different aspects: the similarity of visual cues, the correlation between visual cues and the tendency to trust, and the contrast effect of different visual cues. Referring to the adjustment process, by using neuroimaging techniques, Study 3 will explore the influence of adjustment direction, and clarify the neural mechanism of facial trustworthiness evaluation. This project proposes the “experience transfer hypothesis” theoretically and introduces the variable “experience” into the process of facial evaluation adjustment, providing new ideas and empirical evidence to deepen our understanding of how interpersonal trust builds. Moreover, this research will systematically answer the question that how people use previous experiences to adjust the evaluation of facial trustworthiness on a given first impression. We will explore the boundary conditions of experience transfer, the influence of adjustment directions on the evaluation of facial trustworthiness, and find out the reason for the failure of facial evaluation adjustments. The solution to the above problems will help to deepen the exploration of the mechanism of trust behavior and improve the theory of facial evaluation. It has important theoretical significance for our in-depth understanding and discussion of the regulation mechanism of interpersonal trust. Meanwhile, it can help people improve interpersonal trust while maintaining their original appearance through the establishment of external experience. This research will provide the empirical basis for further prediction and adjustment of interpersonal trust behavior, offer suggestions for creating a harmonious and credible interpersonal relationship and social atmosphere, and guide people to adjust their own trust levels more effectively.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous studies on risk-taking behaviors in decision-making for oneself and others are inconsistent, possibly because previous studies have not considered the influence of decision-making situations and the interpersonal characteristics of decision-makers on their decision-making behaviors. Social value orientation (SVO) is a typical interpersonal trait. SVO refers to the social preferences of individuals when they allocate resources to themselves and others. Individuals can usually be divided into prosocials and proselfs according SVO. The purpose of the present study was to explore the impact of SVO on self-other risk decision-making and its mechanisms. The integrative model of SVO implies that prosocials care more about the effects of decision-making on others than proselfs. Therefore, we hypothesized that proselfs might be more comfortable with risk than prosocials in making decisions on behalf of others, and that the level of concern for the interests of others might mediate the SVO effects of decision-makers on self-other risk decisions.In the present study, the participants first filled out the SVO slider measure, then completed a mixed gambling game on the computer, and finally filled out the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) that measures empathy. The mixed gambling game included 480 rounds of gambling, each with two options: the uncertainty option, and the certainty option with a result of 0. Choosing uncertainty meant gambling, while choosing certainty meant not gambling. Participants were asked to choose whether to gamble for themselves and strangers in different situations. Uncertainty options were 50% probability to win a certain value (potential gain value, G) and 50% probability of losing a certain value (potential loss value, L). The values of G {20, 22, ..., 50} and the values of L {20, 22, ..., 48} were paired to obtain 240 combinations, which were randomly divided into four groups. The independent variables were beneficiary (self/other) and SVO (proself/prosocial). There were three dependent variables: level of risk-taking, loss aversion, and the degree of concern for potential gains and losses. The results showed that prosocials exhibited similar risk-taking and sensitivity to potential gains and losses when making decisions for strangers, while proselfs showed more tolerance for risk-taking and less sensitivity to others’ gains and losses. Both prosocials and proselfs showed less loss aversion when making decisions for strangers than for themselves. The mediation-effect analysis indicated that the difference in self-other risk decision-making could be partially mediated by loss aversion and sensitivity to others’ potential losses, and the SVO effect on the differences in self-other risk decision-making could be partially mediated by the sensitivity to others’ potential losses. These findings suggest that SVO can affect self-other risk decision-making and that this effect may play a role through the degree of concern for the interests of others, which indicates that SVO in decision-makers affects behaviors in making decisions for strangers. Therefore, in future studies of self-other risk decisions, SVO should be taken into account in the interpersonal characteristics of decision makers.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Moral disengagement refers to the cognitive tendency for an individual to break away from moral self-regulation. People who are morally disengaged often look for an excuse for their immoral behavior. Previous studies have mainly investigated the causes and consequences of moral disengagement at the individual level, whereas little attention has been paid to its diachronic change and the associated macro causes, particularly in China. To address these research gaps, by integrating the theoretical model of social change and psychological development with the analytical framework of socio-ecological psychology, we hypothesized that the level of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students develop or change on the social time scale and that such trends are affected by the factors caused by macrosocial change during a specific period. To test these hypotheses, the present research, composed of two separate studies, examined the changing trends of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students based on the findings of existing studies by conducting two cross-temporal meta-analyses, using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura and Caprara et al. The current research also examined the relationship between the level of moral disengagement and the macro indicators that reflect the levels of individualization and social justice of the society. In Study 1, a cross-temporal meta-analysis was performed on 79 valid articles using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura et al. Data of this study were collected from 2010 to 2021, with 60, 478 middle school students involved as participants. Focused on college students, Study 2 was conducted based on 54 valid papers, using both the moral disengagement scale compiled by Bandura et al. and the citizen moral disengagement scale developed by Caprara et al. Data of this study were gleaned from 2008 to 2020, involving 34, 224 college students. The results showed that: (1) from 2010 to 2021, moral disengagement level of middle school students in China showed a downward trend progressively (Study 1); (2) from 2008 to 2020, moral disengagement level among Chinese college students also declined gradually (Study 2). In the two studies, moreover, the decreasing trends of moral disengagement level among Chinese middle school and college students were negatively predicted by China’s rising individualization (including the marketization level, the urbanization level, and the divorce-to-marriage ratio) and social justice (the amount of current effective legislation). In conclusion, China has witnessed the reduction in moral disengagement among middle school and college students in the past decade. Furthermore, it was found that such declines were related to the increases in China’s individualization (emphasizing individual autonomous responsibility for their behavior) and social justice (representing more external constraints on behavior) during this period. Taken together, the current research contributes to our understanding of moral disengagement by expanding its theoretical framework from the individual level to the macro-social level based on the perspective of social change.
submitted time 2023-03-16 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Moral disengagement refers to the cognitive tendency for an individual to break away from moral self-regulation. People who are morally disengaged often look for an excuse for their immoral behavior. Previous studies have mainly investigated the causes and consequences of moral disengagement at the individual level, whereas little attention has been paid to its diachronic change and the associated macro causes, particularly in China. To address these research gaps, by integrating the theoretical model of social change and psychological development with the analytical framework of socio-ecological psychology, we hypothesized that the level of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students develop or change on the social time scale and that such trends are affected by the factors caused by macrosocial change during a specific period. To test these hypotheses, the present research, composed of two separate studies, examined the changing trends of moral disengagement among Chinese middle school and college students based on the findings of existing studies by conducting two cross-temporal meta-analyses, using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura and Caprara et al. The current research also examined the relationship between the level of moral disengagement and the macro indicators that reflect the levels of individualization and social justice of the society. In Study 1, a cross-temporal meta-analysis was performed on 79 valid articles using the moral disengagement scale developed by Bandura et al. Data of this study were collected from 2010 to 2021, with 60, 478 middle school students involved as participants. Focused on college students, Study 2 was conducted based on 54 valid papers, using both the moral disengagement scale compiled by Bandura et al. and the citizen moral disengagement scale developed by Caprara et al. Data of this study were gleaned from 2008 to 2020, involving 34, 224 college students. The results showed that: (1) from 2010 to 2021, moral disengagement level of middle school students in China showed a downward trend progressively (Study 1); (2) from 2008 to 2020, moral disengagement level among Chinese college students also declined gradually (Study 2). In the two studies, moreover, the decreasing trends of moral disengagement level among Chinese middle school and college students were negatively predicted by China’s rising individualization (including the marketization level, the urbanization level, and the divorce-to-marriage ratio) and social justice (the amount of current effective legislation). In conclusion, China has witnessed the reduction in moral disengagement among middle school and college students in the past decade. Furthermore, it was found that such declines were related to the increases in China’s individualization (emphasizing individual autonomous responsibility for their behavior) and social justice (representing more external constraints on behavior) during this period. Taken together, the current research contributes to our understanding of moral disengagement by expanding its theoretical framework from the individual level to the macro-social level based on the perspective of social change.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-10
Abstract：
Fairness plays a critical role in maintaining the social order. To understand fairness development, numerous studies have examined children's upholding fairness behaviors, such as resource allocation. In particular, the emergence of third-party altruism in Chinese children at the age of 8−10 is an important turning point in fairness development. Third-party altruism refers to the behavior of individuals voluntarily paying costs to punish violators, which is a form of prosocial behavior. Most previous studies have confirmed that social value orientation (SVO) affects prosocial behaviors, and some cognitive neuroscience studies have found that SVO and emotion together affect prosocial behaviors. However, we do not know the specific mechanisms by which children's SVO and emotions affect their third-party altruistic behaviors. Additionally, because third-party altruism can adopt punishment and compensation, the mechanisms may be different. Therefore, through two experiments, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of children's SVO and emotion on third-party altruism and the difference between children's third-party punishment and compensation behaviors in three offer conditions (i.e., high inequality, moderate inequality, and equality).
Experiment 1 was based on the third-party punishment task and aimed to investigate the effect of children’s SVO on their emotion and punitive behaviors and to verify the mediating role of emotion. We recruited 233 children aged 10–12 years. After completing the demographic information, they were instructed to complete three third-party punishment tasks revised from the dictator game. The proposer in the dictator game offered one, three, and five coins from 10 coins to the recipient successively. As the third party, children reported the level of pleasure and decided whether to spend any integer of their endowed five coins to punish the proposer in each task. For every coin spent, two coins were deducted from the proposer’s endowment. The results revealed that prosocial children (vs. the pro-self) were more unpleased and spent more coins to punish the proposer, and emotion played a mediating role in the relationship between SVO and third-party punitive behaviors in the high inequality condition but not in the moderate inequality or equality conditions.
To deeply understand children’s third-party altruistic behaviors and compare the two kinds of behaviors, we conducted Experiment 2 based on the third-party compensation task. We recruited 238 children aged 10–12 years. The experimental procedure was similar to that of Experiment 1, except that children in Experiment 2 spent coins to compensate the recipient rather than punish the proposer. The results revealed that prosocial children (vs. the pro-self) spent more coins to compensate the recipient in the high and moderate inequality conditions; emotion played a mediating role in the relationship between SVO and third-party compensation behaviors only in the high inequality condition. As for the difference between the two kinds of third-party altruistic behaviors, children in the third-party compensation (vs. punishment) task had less emotional fluctuation when confronted with three offers and spent more coins to maintain a fair order in the moderate unequal condition.
These findings suggest that SVO had a stable effect on third-party punishment and compensation in 10- to 12-year-old children under all three offer conditions, and that emotion mediated the relationship between SVO and each kind of third-party altruistic behavior when children were confronted with an extremely unfair offer. Additionally, the children showed different levels of pleasure and behavior in the two third-party altruistic tasks. Our study contributes to revealing the mechanisms of SVO and emotion on two kinds of third-party altruistic behaviors and suggests that prosocial orientation is a critical factor in fostering children’s third-party altruism.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-11-24
Abstract：
[Objective] Explain and extend contextual effect from the new perspective of joint evaluation.
[Methods] Preference reversal of joint evaluation is well known in the field of decision-making. The Generalized Evaluability Theory (GET), as a theory for preference reversal with the strongest explanatory power, emphasizes the role of the mode of evaluation (i.e., the presence or absence of contextual information) in the decision-making process. The theoretical models for the contextual effect of social comparison and social evaluation, e.g., the Inclusion/Exclusion Model (IEM), also emphasizes the role of contextual information (especially the similarity between context and target) in the evaluation process. Analogous to preference reversal, the contextual effect can also be explained as a kind of "decision preference" (upward assimilation and downward contrast) and its "reversal" (upward contrast and downward assimilation). Analogous to preference reversal, the contextual effect can also be explained as a kind of "decision preference" (upward assimilation and downward contrast) and its "reversal" (upward contrast and downward assimilation).
[Results] Based on the analogy between contextual effect and preference reversal, the contextual effect was explained and extended from the new perspective of joint evaluation.
[Limitations] Based on the differences between contextual effect and preference reversal,their influencing facors may be different
[Conclusions] Future research should concern how to measure the contextual effect, and several prospective directions were proposed, e.g. interaction of contextual factors and evaluated taget, cross-dimensional contextual effects, interaction of contextual factors and evaluator, and practical applications of contextual effects. It is expected to promote a deeper understanding of the contextual effect and the theoretical integration and practical implications of these two fields.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-25
Abstract：
"
[Objective] To better understand the occurrence and enhancement mechanism of group emotional contagion, this review analyzed the relationship between the three elements of collective ritual, namely synchronous behavior, shared attention and shared meaning, and group emotional contagion.
[Conclusions] Collective ritual enhanced group identity and further lead to individual transformation of self-representation. Finally, it enhanced the group emotional contagion.
[Limitations]Future research should further investigate the influencing factors of group emotional contagion and enrich its measurement methods.
"
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-11-19
Abstract： Recipients often reject unfair offers at the cost of their own interests in ultimatum games (UGs), reflecting their fairness preference. Yet fairness preference is not invariable. It is affected by various factors, among which empathy plays an important role. Individuals might, for example, sacrifice own interests to help others in need. This kind of behavior not only is contrary to the pursuit of self-interest maximization but also violates fairness principles. As individuals are not only concerned about fairness but also care for others, this study focuses on managing the relationship between the two potentially conflicting goals. We explored individuals’ behaviors and time dynamic processes of brain activities when fairness conflicted with empathy. It was hypothesized that empathy could modulate fairness-related decision making behaviors and ERPs. Thirty-seven college students (26 females, 21.00 ± 2.07 years) participated in this study and completed multiple ultimatum games. EEG signals were recorded during play. In the task, the proposers were underprivileged students (empathy condition) and ordinary children (non-empathy condition). Each proposer distributed 10 yuan between themself and one recipient. The participants played as recipients who would choose to accept or reject distribution offers (fair, unfair–disadvantageous, unfair–advantageous) by the proposers. The proposers and recipients would get the assigned money only if participants accepted the distribution offers. They received nothing if participants rejected the offer. The behavioral results showed that the acceptance rate in the empathy condition was greater than that in the non-empathy condition for the disadvantageous–unfair condition, while the opposite result occurred in the advantageous–unfair condition. The EEG results showed that in the non-empathy condition, the advantageous–unfair offer induced more negative anterior N1 (AN1) than it did in the empathy condition, but there was no difference between the disadvantageous–unfair versus fair conditions. In the advantageous–unfair condition, the P2 amplitude of the empathy condition was significantly more positive than that for the non-empathy condition, while in the disadvantageous–unfair condition, P2 amplitude of the non-empathy condition was slightly positive than that of the empathy condition. The disadvantage–unfair offer induced more negative medial frontal negativity (MFN) in the empathy condition, while no difference was found between fair versus unfair offers in the non-empathy condition. Additionally, the amplitude of P3 was larger in the fair versus the unfair conditions as it was not modulated by empathy. These findings suggest that experimentally-induced state empathy modulates fairness-related decision making behaviors and accompanying neural activity. Behavioral results indicate that state empathy takes priority in guiding people's behavior when it conflicts with the fairness criterion. For EEG results, empathy mainly modulates the early stage of the fairness concern and affects early attention and motivation as well as cognition and emotion. In later stages, the higher cognitive process represented by P3 is modulated only by fairness, not empathy. In conclusion, our study systematically explored and compared behavior patterns of fairness processing with temporal dynamic characteristics of brain activities by modulating empathy. The findings provide further insight into fairness-related decision making behaviors. They indicate the potential to influence individuals’ behaviors and cognition by manipulating empathy." "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-10-16
Abstract： Music is an advanced activity of human cognition and one of the universal ways of emotional expression in life. As the core element connecting music and emotion, the rationale for simultaneous consonance is still unsolved. The core of this problem is how our brain possesses musical chords composed of several tones and why some tone combinations sound relatively pleasant (consonance) while others sound unpleasant (dissonance). This question has fascinated scholars since the ancient Greeks. Physicists have been trying to find answers to the differences between acoustic features of consonance and dissonance harmony. Biologists argue that consonance perception is the basic emotional experience evoked by sound events in the auditory system. Psychologists are more inclined to examine whether musical consonance perception is nature or nurture. Although musical consonance has been researched mainly using western theoretical perspectives, studying musical consonance in Chinese traditional music culture is urgently needed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-10-08
Abstract： Malevolent creativity is distinguished from general creativity due to its “harmfulness”. It is known that negative personality traits and threatening social situations may promote malevolent creativity via strengthening malevolence. So it seems reasonable to speculate the inhibitory role of positive personality traits (e.g., resilience) on the malevolence in malevolent creativity. However, it has been also evident that resilience is positively correlated with creativity itself. Thus, the two roles of resilience seem to be contradictory when malevolence and creativity are linked together. As a result, it is unclear that what the dominant role of resilience in malevolent creativity is. To tackle this issue, two studies were conducted with the hypothesis that high resilience may predict less malevolent creativity via weakening the malevolence. A moderated mediation model was further proposed to investigate the roles of coping style and stress on the relationship of adolescents’ resilience and their malevolent creative behaviors. Study 1 aimed to explore whether resilience predicts malevolent creativity in a positive or negative direction and whether coping style mediates the influence of resilience on malevolent creativity. A sample of 370 teenagers in study 1 completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRS), Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale (MCBS), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Runco Ideational Behavior Scale (RIBS). Study 2 aimed to investigate the moderating role of stress in the mediation process of coping style on the relationship of resilience and malevolent creativity. Another sample of 244 teenagers was recruited in study 2 to induce their acute stress using the Trier Social Stress Test before completing the above questionnaires. The results showed that: 1) the resilience scores of participants were negatively correlated with their malevolent creativity behavior scores; 2) Coping style played a complete mediating role in the relationship between resilience and malevolent creativity; 3) The mediating effect of coping style was moderated by stress where stressful situation weakened the inhibitory effect of positive coping styles on malevolent creativity. These results suggested that the positive quality of resilience can inhibit the harmfulness of malevolent creativity, but stressful situations can reduce the inhibitory effect of resilience. It shed light that cultivating the resilience of young people will resist the adverse effects of stressful situations, and it is necessary to guide the development of their creative ability. " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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