Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-17
Abstract： In China, patients not only accord doctors a high occupational reputation, but also expect them not to earn a modest occupational income. This phenomenon contradicts the matching mechanism between occupational reputation and income in the free market. The root of the contradiction may stem from the moralization of the doctors’ occupation. In China’s government-led healthcare system, patients expect doctors to possess selfless moral qualities and regard lower occupational income as an important criterion for evaluating the occupational ethics and skills of doctors. Therefore, if patients detect the signal clues of doctors having a higher occupational income, it will initially diminish the patients’ perception of the occupational ethics and skills of doctors, subsequently eroding their level of trust in doctors. In addition, belief in the doctor-patient relationship can affect patients’ moral sensitivity to doctors. Patients who adhere to market-oriented doctor-patient relationship beliefs are more likely to relax their moral constraints on doctors and treat the relationship between doctors’ occupational income and trustworthiness with market-oriented mechanisms. In the present set of experiments, we systematically examined the relationship between doctors’ occupational income signals and patients’ trust and explored the effects of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception, as well as the moderating mechanism of doctor-patient relationship beliefs. In the pilot study, we set up a medical context to activate the perception of occupational income signals for participants. By manipulating the occupational income signals into the doctor’s clothing, we selected a handbag, coat, watch, and sports shoes as signal items for manipulation testing. Study 1 was designed to test the impact of the doctor’s occupational income signal on patients’ trust. The priming of the occupational income signal was the same as in the pilot study, and then participants were informed of their diagnosis and treatment results, and treatment plans afterward. It was expected that the perception of the doctor’s occupational income signal would affect their trust in the doctor. Study 2 examined the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception based on Study 1. The questionnaires on medical ethics perception and medical skills perception were adapted from the Wake Forest Medical Trust Scale (WFPTS). Study 3 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs on doctor’s occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships. The doctor-patient relationship belief questionnaire was based on a review of relevant literature. Study 4 examined the moderating effect of doctor-patient relationship beliefs in the chain mediation of “occupational income signal→ medical ethics perception →medical skills perception →patients’ trust” using the same questionnaires and materials as Study 1 and Study 3. The main results were as follows: (1) In the pilot study, the participants had significant differences in their perception of the prices and occupational income levels of the handbag, coat, watch and sports shoes; (2) The results of Study 1 showed that the doctors’ occupational income signal had a significant negative impact on patients’ trust; (3) The results of Study 2 demonstrated the chain mediation effect of medical ethics perception and medical skills perception on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (4) Study 3 found that doctor-patient relationship beliefs had a significant moderating effect on occupational income signals and patients’ trust relationships; (5) The results of Study 4 indicated that the doctor’s occupational income signal was not moderated by the doctor-patient relationship beliefs, as it affected the chain mediation of patients’ trust through the perception of medical ethics and medical skills. Our findings demonstrated that occupational income signals can significantly affect patients’ willingness to trust doctors, as well as the important role of cognition and evaluation of doctors’ occupational ethics. Due to sensitivity to the occupational ethics of doctors, patients did not allow doctors to earn higher occupational income, even those who uphold the belief in market-oriented doctor-patient relationships. Based on our results, we recommend that future researchers pay more attention to the importance of macro-healthcare systems and social structural factors, especially their top-down impact on shaping and maintaining doctor-patient trust at the interpersonal level.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Management Science >> Development and Management of Human Resources submitted time 2023-12-01
Abstract： Although experimental vignette methodology (EVM) enhances both internal and ecological validity, there is still a lack of detailed and standardized guidance for the design of vignettes in the field of management. Based on this, this study first introduced the definition and types of EVM. The differences between EVM and contextual priming methodology were also clarified. Secondly, this study coded and analyzed 93 scenario experiments drawn from 20 major domestic and foreign management-related journals in the past five years. Utilizing the coded data, we answered the question of how to design the vignettes of EVM from the three stages of pre-design, design and post-design. Among them, the pre-design phase focused on when to use the EVM; the design stage focused on how to draft the vignettes, which was divided into five sub-stages: determining the number of vignettes, drafting the vignettes, choosing the media, standardizing vignettes and enhancing vignettes realism. The post-design stage focused on evaluating whether the vignettes were clear, realistic, complete and effective. If the vignettes didn’t pass the test or there was a need for another scenario experiment, the researcher should return to the design stage to continuously modify or rewrite the vignettes until they met the standards. Future research could use incident technique, information technology to design the vignettes. Furthermore, vignettes with iterative decision are encouraged to be created. It is also important to note that the design process of vignettes should follow theoretical guidance. In doing so, it will help enhance the applicability, richness and authenticity of vignettes.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-06-22
Abstract： This paper constructs a model framework based on regulatory focus theory to investigate the impact of formal and casual clothing styles on consumer psychology and behavior. This article proposes that from the observer's perspective, consumers exhibit a promotional response through the following three motivational characteristic dimensions when others dress formally (vs. casually): attention to benefits, positive emotional experience, and representation of ambitious goal states. This paper further proposes that from the observer's perspective, consumers also exhibit a preventive response through the following three motivational characteristics dimensions when others wear formal attire (vs. casual attire): paying attention to threats, experiencing negative emotions, and adopting vigilant behavior strategies. From the perspective of the wearer, this paper argues that consumers themselves exhibit a promotional response through three motivational characteristic dimensions when consumers wear formal attire (vs. casual attire): ideal self orientation, representation of ambitious goal states, and positive emotional experience. Finally, this paper argue that from the perspective of the wearer, consumers also exhibit preventive responses through three motivational dimensions: negative outcome focus, responsibility self orientation, and safety needs when dressing formally (vs.casual attire). In the above process, self-construction, involvement, self-monitoring, and environmental norms play a regulatory role by influencing the characteristic state of regulatory orientation.Future research can move forward the current paper from the following perspectives: 1) explore the interactive effects of idiosyncratic and situational regulatory orientations on consumer attire responses; 2) use regulatory orientation theory to explain the impact of other types of clothing on consumer behavior; 3) explore the variables that could moderate the effect of clothing style on consumers’ promotional orientation and their prevention orientation; and 4) explore other consumer-related consequences of clothing style.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-06-26
Abstract：
Despite the burgeoning number of studies on negative workplace gossip (NWG), the literature has not reached an agreement on the relationship between NWG and targets’ behavioral responses. Drawing on the cognitive-affective personality system theory, this study proposes that targets’ perceived NWG influences their workplace behaviors through two psychological processes (i.e., the cognitive and the affective route) and explores the moderating role of NWG perceptions and cultural differences in the relationship between NWG and targets’ behaviors. Based on 51 studies and 21549 employees, this meta-analysis found a negative relationship between NWG and targets’ positive behaviors through interpersonal perception (i.e., the cognitive route) and targets’ affect (i.e., the affective route). Moreover, moderation analyses revealed that when employees perceive that they have been negatively gossiped about, they will show fewer positive behaviors, but when they perceive that they are about to be negatively gossiped about, they will show more positive behaviors. And in the context of Eastern culture, NWG has a stronger negative influence on targets’ positive behaviors than in the context of Western culture. Theoretical implications, practical implications, potential limitations, and future directions are also discussed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Information Science Subjects: Management Science >> Enterprise Management submitted time 2022-06-24
Abstract：
[Purpose/significance] As a typical method of digital governance, the effectiveness of contact tracing technology depends on the widespread use of the public. Exploring the factors influencing the public's intention and behaviour towards the use of contact tracing technology in China will help inform the government's decision to promote the use of it, thus helping its normalisation. [Method/process] This paper constructed the conceptual model of the public's use behaviour of contact tracing technology from the perspective of digital governance after analysing the elements of the public's ability to participate in digital governance and incorporating them into the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Data was obtained through questionnaires and statistical analysis was used to test the model and research hypotheses. [Result/conclusion] Public intention to use contact tracing technology had a significant positive impact on usage behavior, the public's performance expectation, effort expectation, social influence as well as facilitating conditions had a significant positive impact on the intention to use contact tracing technology separately. Furthermore, the public's technology trust on contact tracing technology and government trust had a significant positive influence on the usage intention, the public's technology dependence had a significant positive influence on technostress, the mediating effects of usage intention on the relationship between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, technology trust, government trust and usage behavior were all verified.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-04-07
Abstract：
Residential mobility refers to the frequency with which people change their place of residence (i.e., move). As one of the key social-ecological factors, it has a significant impact on individual's cognition, emotions and behavior. The aftereffects of residential mobility have been reviewed by scholars in terms of health and well-being, social relationships, and educational outcomes. Residential mobility also has important effects on consumer psychology and behavior, but no review studies have been found that summarize the behavioral responses of consumers triggered by residential mobility or that explain this influence mechanism in a theoretical way. This paper presents a review of studies on consumer psychological and behavioral responses to residential mobility, and categorizes the relevant research findings based on the regulatory focus theory, indicating that residential mobility leads consumers to adopt either a facilitative or a preventive response strategy. Further, it is proposed that the autonomy (active vs. passive) as well as the directionality (upward vs. downward) of residential mobility can explain when consumers who experience residential mobility choose either facilitative or preventive strategies. Finally, several potential research topics are proposed for further research discussion with respect to the constructed framework of facilitative and preventive strategies of residential mobility.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-03-25
Abstract：
Guanxi HRM practices depict how performance and contributions give their way to interpersonal relationships for personnel decisions. That is, an employee’s relationships with the supervisor can largely factor in job tasks, performance appraisal, promotion, compensation, and training opportunities. Prevalent and conspicuous, guanxi HRM practices compromise organizational justice and undermine the legitimacy of personnel decisions. The upshot would include a group of demotivated employees, discredited employer branding, and intensified organizational politics. The extant literature has paid much attention to the detriments to individuals, organizations, and society. Yet, reactions from the beneficiaries have been largely overlook. Would they take it for granted? Or would they otherwise seek to “call it even”? We can hardly reach to a firm conclusion on what guanxi HRM practices implicate until those with vested interests are involved in the analysis.
Drawing upon compensatory ethics theory, we made the first attempt to theoretically explicate and empirically investigate the position that guanxi HRM practices could spur the beneficiaries’ altruistic behavior by arousing the intention to “call it even.” We conducted four independent experiments with various samples and materials to allow for causal inferences. Specifically, we tested the main effect of guanxi HRM practices on the beneficiaries’ altruistic behavior (Hypothesis 1) and the mediation effect of guilt (Hypothesis 2) with a vignette of performance evaluation and bonus allocation in Study 1a (N = 124) and 1b (N = 184), respectively. The serial mediating effect involving moral self-image (Hypothesis 3) was tested in Study 2 (N = 211), with a vignette of promotion. Finally, we tested the moderating effect of coworker relationship closeness (Hypothesis 4) in Study 3 with a 2 (guanxi HRM practices: high vs. low) × 2 (coworker relationship closeness: high vs. low) factorial design (N = 211) using the vignette of bonus allocation.
The results of four experiments fully supported our theoretical model. We found that the beneficiaries’ moral self-image and sense of guilt serially mediated the effect of guanxi HRM practices on their altruistic behavior (Study 1 and Study 2). Moreover, coworker relationship closeness moderated the serial mediating effect such that guanxi HRM practice sparked a more substantial impact on the beneficiaries’ altruistic behavior when they enjoy more close relationships with coworkers than vice versa (Study 3). Collectively, the reported effect size – being from medium to large, the various samples, and the diverse set of materials lead to robust findings.
Therefore, those beneficiaries would “call it even” than take it for granted. This research stressed the power of moral compensation and revealed a bright side of guanxi HRM practices for non-beneficiaries, those deprived of justice and resources. We added a meaningful complement to the extant sentiments that deem guanxi HRM practices overwhelmingly detrimental. It is also essential to differentiate between supervisors, beneficiaries, and non-beneficiaries to better understand this phenomenon. In short, this research broadens the theoretical spectra and informs organizations on how to balance the pros and cons of guanxi HRM practices.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2021-12-15
Abstract： Manipulation checks are important to ensure the construct validity of experiment, however, they have been less discussed in Chinese managerial psychology research. To investigate the status quo of manipulation checks among Chinese studies, we coded 144 experiments drawn from 49 research in the field of managerial psychology which were published in 4 top-tier journals in 2020 (i.e., Acta Psychologica Sinica, Journal of Psychological Science, Management World, and Nankai Business Review). We found that among these experiments, the way to implement manipulation checks appeared monistic with self-report dominating. And very few experiments focused on discriminant manipulation checks or instructional manipulation checks. In addition, the choice of location, the time to implement, and the strategy of analysis remained underexplored. Future research should pay attention to the application of non-interventional forms to reduce the interference of manipulation checks on the experimental process. Besides, error control strategies should be advocated to eliminate invalid data and competitive explanations. At the same time, we suggest that researchers should consider the characteristics of manipulation checks when they decide the appropriate position of manipulation checks included in the experiment material. Researchers are also encouraged to use pre and post manipulation checks to ensure flexibility. In the data analysis phase, we recommend researchers use manipulation strength and mediation analysis to guarantee the internal and external validity of the experiment. By doing so, we expect the normativity of manipulation checks will be improved to a great extent."
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-10-13
Abstract： Physiognomy is an important factor in identifying and inferring the individual traits and behaviors. However, its internal mechanism still needs to be further explored. Based on general cognitive perspective and evolutionary cognitive perspective, then combined with the local and overall features of physiognomy, this paper expounds the process and effect of judging people by physiognomy. Based on the general cognitive perspective, physiognomy affects the recognition of individual traits through various cognitive processing systems, and these traits play important roles in judgment (ability, income, social hierarchy) and decision-making (trust, recruitment, promotion). Based on the perspective of evolutionary cognition, physiognomy plays an important role in evaluating individual health and genetic status through various evolutionary selection mechanisms, and thus has an important influence on judgment (marriage satisfaction, happiness, life satisfaction) and mate selection decision. In addition, the effect of physiognomy on individual life depends on the situations and individual traits. Future research should investigate the interaction among different physiognomy features, and explore the boundary conditions that influence the effect of facial recognition. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve the external validity of the research through big data analysis, and pay more attention to physiognomy features modified by epigenetics on individuals. It is also important to conduct research within the domestic context. In doing so, it will help enrich physiognomy-related research and build a more systematic physiognomy theory. " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2021-05-06
Abstract： As a source of food-related information, food labels have been found to play an important role in affecting consumers’ cognition, emotion and behavioral responses. Based on the different levels of information coverage, food labels can be divided into two categories: product-level labels and ingredient-level labels. We first comb the main effect of two kinds of food labels on consumers' cognition, emotion and behavioral responses. After that, we compare the similarities and differences between the two kinds of effects and their undelrying mechanisms and boundary conditions. Regulatory orientation theory helps to explain the different effects of the two types of food labels. The product-level labels more often initiate consumer preventive orientation, while the ingredient-level labels activate consumer promotion orientation. In addition, the two types of food labeling effects are driven by the halo effect, information processing, conceptual metaphor, social identity, attribute inference and other mechanisms. Besides, these effects are moderated by social demographic factors, individual differences, and product characteristics. Finally, we propose some feasible research directions based on the overall framework of food labeling effects constructed in this paper. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-07-12
Abstract： Recent years, marketing scholars showed increasing interest in examining how crowding affected consumers’ emotion and behavior. However, these crowding literature in Marketing reported many inconsistent findings which await to be reconciled. The current meta-analysis paper therefore aims to find out the reasons why past crowding studies showed heterogeneity. In this meta-analysis paper, the authors analyzed 149 effect sizes which were from 38 Eastern and Western empirical studies and 81 samples. This paper found that social crowding significantly increased consumers’ negative emotion, but dramatically decreased consumers’ dominance. However, social crowding was found to be positively correlated with the approach-related shopping responses (ρ=0.208，N=28624), and negatively correlated with consumer attitudes and willingness to shop (ρ=–0.135，N=10094). This paper also found that spatial crowding which had a significant negative effect on the avoidance-related shopping responses (ρ=–0.409，N=3223), however, had no significant influence on the approach-related shopping responses. Further moderation analyses showed that some of the aforementioned main effects were significantly moderated by types of shopping environment (utilitarian vs. hedonic), the reality of the context (virtual vs. real), and sources of research samples (western countries vs. eastern countries, students vs. non-students). The current paper’s theoretical advances and practical implications are evident as well.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-03-05
Abstract： That street-level cadres take charge and live up to their responsibility is essential to the function transition and performance of public duties of grass-root government. Against this backdrop, however, some critical questions are pending in the literature. For instance, what are taking charge behaviors and how should we measure them? What are the motivations underlying those behaviors? Are there any contingencies for those behaviors and how to effectively promote them? The present project aims to answer these questions. First, in view of the behavioral public administration perspective, we will clarify the dimensions of taking charge behaviors and develop an assessment tool. Second, we draw on the self-determination theory and investigate a controlled-autonomous motivation spectrum underlying the taking charge behaviors. This approach departs from the previously established altruism perspective and the dichotomy of internal and external motivation. Additionally, this project will extend the literature by delving into taking charge role identity as a key mechanism linking autonomous/controlled motivations to taking charge behaviors and by exploring personal/situational contingencies for the process. In other words, the present project elucidates how and when autonomous/controlled motivations translate into taking charge behaviors. This empirical project has significant implications for assessing, managing and promoting taking charge behaviors of street-level cadres.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2020-01-30
Abstract： Scarcity is a state due to dissatisfaction of individual desire and demand, which is resulted from real scarcity of resource or perceived scarcity of resource. As a universal phenomenon, scarcity plays an important role in individual emotion, perception and behavior. Tangible resource scarcity is represented by scarcity in food, product and capital, whereas intangible resource scarcity is represented by scarcity in time. Are there any similarities and differences in different kinds of scarcity? This question has not been addressed by past scarcity research. After combing theses, this paper found that tangible resource scarcity led to individual’s cherishing behavior, compensation behavior, and approaching behavior, whereas intangible resource scarcity only led to cherishing behavior and compensation behavior. Future research should focus on the boundary conditions under which scarcity would not affect individuals’ behavior, and the impact of time scarcity on individual psychology and behavior. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-02-24
Abstract： Single-item measures have long been debated by researchers. Proponents advocate the efficiency of single-item measures, while opponents question reliability and validity of them. Through comprehensive qualitative and quantitative reviews, advantages and disadvantages of single-item measures are summarized, and doubts and debates in the literature are analyzed and responded specially. Through systematic review, results show that single-item measures have acceptable level of reliability and validity. More notably, the criterion-related validity of multi-item measures is not superior than single-item measures. With the review and current findings, issues that should be noted during the development and usage of single-item measures were addressed. Although multi-item measures are more acceptable, single-item measures may also have its legitimacy in academic research. That is, researchers should value the potential advantages and application scope of single-item measures, so that single-item measures can play its appropriate role in managerial psychology and social science research.
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