Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Clarifying the relationship among mechanisms underlying nonsymbolic numerical cognition is one of the most critical questions in the numerical cognition field. From a novel perspective, the hypothesis that three-number processing systems exists provides a plausible explanation for this relationship. According to this hypothesis, distinct mechanisms are involved in the number processing of nonsymbolic stimuli within different number ranges. Small numbers (1~4) can be appraised rapidly and errorlessly based on the activation of subitizing system. Moderate numbers are proposed to be processed spontaneously with a constant error rate of about 20% due to the activity of numerosity system. Typically, Weber’s law of number perception is demonstrated in this number range. For large numbers, the stimulus number relationship is suggested to be inferred indirectly via density analysis, and number processing, which is fast and has an error rate proportional to the square root of the stimulus number, is mediated by the activity of density system.A series of studies have revealed different behavioral features, as well as distinct Event-related potentials (ERP) features, among number tasks based on these three systems. For subitizing and density systems, better processing efficiency is demonstrated by a shorter reaction time and a lower error rate, whereas a higher dependence on attention resources is also a characteristic of these two mechanisms. Neither subitizing nor density mechanisms are correlated with math ability for children in school. For the numerosity mechanism, on the contrary, lower efficiency and independence of attention are shown, and the accuracy of numerosity comparisons is suggested to be significantly correlated with math scores for school children. ERP features are also suggested to be distinguishable for these three mechanisms. An early component related to attention is typically found under a subitizing mechanism rather than under numerosity or density mechanisms. P2p showed a distance effect, namely, higher P2p amplitude correlates with more errors in comparison tasks, as the ratio of the numbers to be compared approaches “1”, under both numerosity and density mechanisms. In general, the amplitude of P2p (about 200 ms after the onset of stimuli) is larger for the density mechanism compared with that for the numerosity mechanism, whereas the P2p component is more sensitive to the change in number within the numerosity range than within the density range.There are two major challenges for the three-number processing hypotheses. First, as proposed by some researchers, even when the numerosity and density mechanisms are distinguished by different modes of Weber fractions, more direct evidence is still needed to demonstrate that the processing bases of these two mechanisms are numerosity and density, respectively. Second, the narrow range described in the original hypothesis may induce discontinuity between the three-number processing hypotheses and the classical hypothesis, for example, the approximate number system hypothesis or ANS hypothesis. To solve these problems, it is proposed that the cause for switching from numerosity to density should be reanalyzed and that the hypothesis that the numerosity mechanism is activated in a wider number range should be considered.Some experimental evidence indicates parallel activation between subitizing and numerosity systems as well as between density and numerosity systems. The parallel activation hypothesis is also noteworthy. Multiple number processing systems could be activated simultaneously, and cognition relies on the system whose processing result is more precise to achieve the best processing results.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-06-09
Abstract： Distinct mechanisms are involved in number processing of nonsymbolic stimuli. Small numbers (1~4) can be appraised rapidly and errorlessly based on the activation of subitizing system. Moderate numbers are proposed to be processed spontaneously with a constant error rate of about 20% due to the activity of numerosity system. Typically, Weber’s law for number perception is demonstrated in this number range. For large numbers, the stimulus number relationship is suggested to be inferred indirectly via density analysis, and number processing, which is fast and has an error rate proportional to the square root of the stimulus number, is mediated by density system. Different behavioral and ERP features are revealed among number tasks based on these three systems. It is proposed that parallel activation exists between subitizing and numerosity systems as well as between density and numerosity systems. Cognition relies on the system whose processing result is more precise. "
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Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2020-10-20 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：沙棘油有植物抗氧化、抗炎症及抗肿瘤多种药理作用。为了探讨沙棘果油对.H2O2造成氧化性损伤的细胞生长的影响及其抗氧化性，该研究选择了.H2O2 对.RAW264.7 细胞氧化损伤模型，首先通过.DPPH（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基清除实验检测沙棘果油体外抗氧化能力;再用(3-(4，5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2，5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐)MTT 法和流式细胞仪检测超氧化物阴离子荧光探针（DHE）信号，分别检测不同浓度沙棘果油对.H2O2 损伤细胞的存活率和超氧化物阴离子水平。结果表明：(1)与维生素.C 的抗氧化能力相比，沙棘果油在.DPPH自由基清除实验中当沙棘果油浓度在小于.4.9%时，沙棘果油的抗氧化能力大于维生素.C； (2)MTT法发现，浓度3.125%的沙棘果油对H2O2损伤的细胞存活率显著升高（P<0.01）；(3)DHE检测发现，同一时间点，随着沙棘果油浓度增加，DHE阳性细胞比例显著下降（P<0.01），在不同检测时间随着沙棘果油浓度增加，DHE阳性细胞比例显著升高（P<0.01）。沙棘果油对过氧化氢诱导的RAW264.7细胞氧化损伤模型有一定修复作用，可能与细胞内超氧化物阴离子水平受到抑制有关，它具有抗氧化性损伤的潜能。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-21 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：利用采自新疆霍城县图开沙漠的22只（12雌，10雄）成体快步麻蜥（Eremias velox），测量其11项外部形态特征及体重，并在最适温度下进行运动性能测试，探讨不同基质上快步麻蜥的运动表现及其与形态特征之间的相关性。结果表明：快步麻蜥雄性个体的头体长显著大于雌性个体，在泥土基质上，雄性个体的最大冲刺速度显著大于雌性个体，而雌性个体的耐力显著大于雄性个体。雄性个体的头体长与泥土基质上的最大冲刺速度呈显著正相关，而雌雄两性个体的体重均与沙子基质上的最大冲刺速度呈显著负相关。基质类型影响雄性个体的最大冲刺速度，表现为其在泥土基质上的最大冲刺速度和加速度均显著大于沙子基质。而雌性个体的耐力受基质类型影响，表现为在沙子基质的耐力显著小于其余基质。这样，快步麻蜥的最大冲刺速度与耐力之间存在一定程度的权衡，且形态特征和基质类型对不同性别快步麻蜥运动表现的影响有显著差异。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2018-09-03 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：两性异形在动物界中普遍存在，一般是由于雌雄两性在生活史上所扮演的角色不同所导致, 它反映了两性在不同选择压力作用下适应的结果。为研究敏麻蜥的两性异形和雌性繁殖输出，于2014—2017年在新疆北部地区捕捉的152号活体进行8项形态学指标测量，怀卵雌性室内暂养用于收集繁殖数据。结果表明：敏麻蜥的雄性成体具有更大的头部、四肢以及更长的尾部，这是受性选择驱使；两性间局部形态的两性异形与异速增长无关，表明两性之间的差异可能在亚成体阶段乃至幼体阶段就已形成；雌性受繁殖力选择作用而具有更大的腋跨距，雌性通过增加对单个卵的投入，以及增加窝卵数来提高繁殖输出；雌雄两性间的断尾率与咬痕率没有显著差异，表明性选择作用在两性尾部上的选择压力相等，因为性选择作用下的雄性间竞争与雌雄个体的交配过程均有咬尾行为。表明，性选择与繁殖力选择的共同作用，导致了敏麻蜥局部形态的两性异形，并使头体长表现为雌雄同型。
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