Optimization of the conditions for regulating the content of secondary metabolites in Gentiana macrophylla pall by orthogonal method

Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-11-24 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》

FU Huanhuan HE Yihan YIN Yangyang HU Wei YANG Ye YUE Zhenggang

Abstract：

Gentiana macrophylla is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating jaundice, hepatitis, and stomachic and choleretic ailments, and its main secondary metabolites are secoiridiod glycosides represented by gentiopicroside. The biosynthetic pathway of gentiopicroside is via MEP and MVA pathways. Fosmidomycin and lovastatin are specific inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) of the MEP pathway and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) of the MVA pathway, and are widely used in the research of the biosynthesis pathway and regulation mechanism of secondary metabolites. The article aims to test and search for the optimal condition for decreasing the contents of four secoiridiod glycosides compounds (loganic acid, sweroside, swertiamarin and gentiopicroside) in G. macrophylla by using the orthogonal test designs. In this study, the concentration of fosmidomycin(A), concentration of lovastatin(B) and sampling days (C) were taken as three factors, and each factor was taken as four levels to design an orthogonal test, with 16 groups of treatment. HPLC was used to determine the contents of four secoiridiod glycosides, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) The contents of the four secoiridiod glycosides compounds in G.macrophylla were most affected by sampling time, followed by fosmidomycin and lovastatin concentration; (2) After treatment with the optimal inhibitory conditions, the contents of loganic acid, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside decreased by 69%, 36%, 33% and 4% respectively. This work provided optimal inhibition conditions are determined to be: fosmidomycin 400 μmolL-1, lovastatin 50 μmolL-1, samples are harvested on six days for further research on the regulatory mechanism of MEP and MVA pathways in the metabolism and synthesis of secoiridiod glycosides.

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道德相对主义和厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响

Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2019-02-03

耿晓伟 房津如 韩彦芳 李中权 赵蜜 杨烨

Abstract： " The social intuition model suggests that moral reasoning occurs after moral intuitive judgment. The question of how people make intuitive moral judgments, and whether the process is influenced by reasoning and emotion, remains to be answered. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of moral relativism and disgust on moral intuitive judgment. According to the unimodal of human judgment, intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on similar rules. The hypotheses are as follows: moral relativism increases moral intuitive judgment (H1) and disgust increases moral intuitive judgment (H2). We conducted three experiments to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, we examined whether moral intuitive judgment exists. A total of 39 undergraduates were selected and asked to answer “yes” or “no” randomly, like tossing a coin, to 20 moral behaviors, 20 immoral behaviors, and 40 fillers. The accuracy of moral judgment is compared to random level (i.e., 0.5). Accuracy greater than 0.5 was considered indicative of moral intuitive judgment. Single-sample t-test showed that the accuracy of the participants’ random responses was significantly greater than random (i.e., 0.5), indicating the existence of moral intuitions. In Experiment 2, a total of 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different conditions, i.e., moral relativism and moral absolutism. Participants were first primed moral absolutism or moral relativism by scrambling in a sentence, e.g., the scrambled sentence “as to rightness” “cannot” “different types of morality” “be compared” may be recomposed as “Different types of morality cannot be compared as to rightness” , then randomly answer “yes” or “no” to moral judgments. Independent-samples t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of moral absolutism than moral relativism, which suggests that moral relativism weakens participants’ moral intuitive judgment, while moral absolutism promotes participants’ moral intuitive judgment. In Experiment 3, a total of 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different emotional conditions, i.e., disgust and neutral emotion. Participants’ disgust (or neutral emotion) were primed by eight pictures of disgusting facial expressions (or eight pictures of neutral facial expressions) before randomly answering “yes” or “no” to moral judgments. Independent-sample t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of disgust emotion than neutral emotion, which suggests that moral intuition judgments are affected by emotion, and disgust increases individuals’ moral intuitive judgments. In sum, the present research investigated the influence of moral relativism and disgust emotion on moral intuitive judgment, which helps to further understand the mechanism of moral intuitive judgment. In addition, it also provides some guidance for the daily moral judgment. The limitations and further research are also discussed.

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