Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2023-05-05 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Resistiveness to care（RTC）is a common abnormal behavioral symptom in dementia patients during the care process，which seriously negatively impacts the patients and their caregivers. The research on assessment tools for RTC started earlier in foreign countries，and has explored relevant aspects more deeply and comprehensively. Since the Resistiveness to Care Scale for Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type（RTC-DAT）came out in 1999，overseas researchers have made several revisions to its content and methods，and have expanded it to include different scales for assessing RTC in different care settings. In this paper，we present a review of the tools developed overseas to assess RTC in patients with dementia，focusing on the differences in contents and methods of the tools，and the characteristics，strengths and weaknesses of each tool，which may offer insights into China's development of such a tool or introduction of a foreign tool applicable to China. The evaluation method of the assessment tools currently used in foreign research on RTC in patients with dementia is mostly based on the researcher-observed method used in the initial RTC-DAT，which faces many limitations in its practical application. The Refusal of Care Informant Scale（RoCIS）developed in 2022 attempts to use the method of evaluation by consulting caregivers，which is commonly used in other fields，providing a new way for China's introduction or development of a RTC assessment tool applicable to Chinese dementia patients. Considering various types of these tools，we recommend that the tool should be selected according to its applicability assessed comprehensively.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Observational learning, which refers to improving performance by observation without physical practice, is one of the most important human capacities. Although a large amount of studies have shown that observational and physical practice can both acquire a comparable motor learning in individual context, and the status of the responding hands play a crucial role in this process, few researches focused on observational learning in joint context. Hence we presented three experiments that adopted a joint Simon task to explore the conditions under which observational learning occurred by assessing whether it is affected by the status of the observer’s responding hands.By adopting a modified version of the social transfer of learning paradigm, three behavioral experiments were conducted to explore the emergence of observational learning under joint task and the influence of status of body-parts (response hands) on observational learning. The aim of experiment 1 was to investigate whether observational learning took place in joint context. In Experiment 2, the status of the observer’s hands were changed in observational learning. It should be noted that during practice phase, observers positioned their hands constrained on the knee in front of them. In Experiment 3, the possible influence of view range furtherly on observational learning was clarified by manipulating the view range and status of the observer’s hands. Specifically, the observer was asked to constrain his hands behind the back in practice phase.The results above demonstrated that either the observer or the actor in switch condition showed a significant joint Simon effect, while both of them didn’t show this effect in non-switch condition. Contrast to the condition in which the observer’s hands were free, the joint Simon effect increased in constrained condition when the observer’s hands were within his sight. Meanwhile, the same effect was also present when the observer’s hands constrained behind the back as compared to in front of them.It can be concluded that both observational learning and physical keypress practice in joint context could transfer into comparable motor learning which has an effect on the subsequent joint task. Moreover, the occurrence of observational learning depends on the potential motor abilities of the observer, which suggests that changes in body status affect the observer’s cognitive performance in subsequent joint task whether in or out of his sight. All of above provide empirical research for embodied cognition.
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