分类： 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间： 2024-05-27 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要： 急性缺血性卒中（AIS）具有高致残率、高致死率及高复发率等特点，给患者及社会造成沉重的负担。随着大数据时代的到来，预测模型在患者的诊治决策、预后管理以及卫生资源配置等方面的应用越来越多，其价值也愈发重要。机器学习方法是预测 AIS 患者预后的重要方法之一，且已广泛应用。本文以机器学习方法为重点，就AIS预后预测研究的最新进展予以综述，并提出机器学习预测模型目前所面临的问题与挑战，为 AIS 患者预后结局早期评估与预测在方法上提供新的思路和参考。
分类： 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间： 2024-05-27 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要： 背景以患者为中心的医疗质量改进中，将患者从医疗服务的接受者转变为合作者，将患者在医疗全流程中的体验和需求整合到医疗服务实践中，以提高医疗服务的有效性、效率和质量。然而，已被证明有效的以患者为中心的患者参与医疗质量改进策略在我国慢阻肺领域中如何实施尚有待探索。目的对国内外慢阻肺患者参与医疗质量改进策略的实施现状进行范围综述，旨在为构建适合我国环境的慢阻肺患者参与实施策略提供参考。方法 采用澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所的范围综述指南为方法学框架，计算机检索 PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台和中华医学期刊全文数据库，检索时限为建库至 2022-11-29。采用主题分析法梳理慢阻肺患者参与的实施现状。结果 共纳入37篇文献。根据参与类别分为直接参与诊疗、参与组织层面的设计与管理、及参与临床研究三类。根据参与强度分为咨询、参与和合作领导三层。参与强度与类别交叉为 9 类参与行为矩阵。慢阻肺患者参与实施主要体现在5类8项行为：包括直接参与诊疗类的参与（患者对治疗计划提出意愿和偏好）；组织管理层面的咨询（调查了解患者治疗体验、组织患者讨论其关注的问题）和参与（参与医疗质量改进工具开发）；以及患者接受临床研究层面的咨询（倾听患者需求）和参与（对干预措施提出意愿和偏好、参与评估工具开发、参与研究设计与实施讨论）。调查患者治疗体验（10/37，27.03%）及收集患者对研究干预措施的意愿和偏好（10/37，27.03%）是实施较多的两类慢阻肺患者参与行为。结论患者参与医疗质量改进的行为措施较多，但在慢阻肺领域落地实践的尚较少，且极少见患者参与对临床结局及生活质量的改善评估，如何促进我国乃至全球慢阻肺患者参与医疗质量改进的实施仍有待进一步探索。
分类： 核科学技术 >> 粒子加速器 提交时间： 2024-05-20
摘要： 电子辐照在核技术应用产业中成为重要的一部分，低能电子束在废水处理、食品保鲜等方面应用越来越广，辐照的计量参数对于辐照质量至关重要。由于低于300keV的电子束剂量学相关标准尚未建立，参数测量都溯源至10MeV电子直线加速器，测量对象的不一致带来了系统性的偏差。本论文针对低于300keV的低能电子，开展了测试与模拟计算相结合的电子束能量测量方法研究，研制了基于量热法的吸收剂量测量装置，探究了吸收剂量与束流强度、位移速度等参数的关系。结果表明：通过阶梯叠层法剂量实验结合能量沉积曲线模拟的方式实现了低能电子能量参数的测量，通过量热法实现了低能电子吸收剂量参数的测量，测量不确定度为11%（k=2）。本研究为低能电子辐照工艺提供了可靠的计量保障。
分类： 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间： 2024-05-27 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要： 背景糖尿病难以治愈且患病过程漫长，自我护理水平对糖尿病患者的疾病转归和健康结局至关重要，迫切需要理论指导下内容全面的糖尿病自我护理水平评估工具，以便及时掌握患者的自我护理情况，对应开展精准化护理。目的本研究旨在对糖尿病自我护理指数量表（SCODI）进行汉化，并检验中文版SCODI的信效度，为中国糖尿病患者提供自我护理的科学评估工具。方法采用Brislin翻译模式将原版SCODI翻译成中文，并进行文化调试。采用连续抽样法，选取 2022 年 12 月—2023 年 6 月南京医科大学第一附属医院和附属逸夫医院的 261 例糖尿病患者进行调查。使用研究者自行编制的一般资料调查表和汉化修订之后的中文版 SCODI 进行资料收集。采用探索性因子分析评估中文版SCODI的结构效度。采用 Cronbach's α系数、折半信度和组合信度描述量表的信度。本研究以生理指标糖化血红蛋白作为效标检验中文版 SCODI 的效标关联效度，采用 Spearman 秩相关分析探讨中文版 SCODI 得分与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性。结果中文版 SCODI 包含 4 个分量表，共 40 个条目：自我护理维持得分为（75.94±13.15）分，自我护理监测得分为（70.65±18.71）分，自我护理管理得分为（69.16±18.24）分，自我护理信心得分为（85.41±13.63）分。自我护理维持分量表提取出 4 个因子（并发症筛查、运动锻炼、卫生保健、饮食服药），自我护理监测分量表提取出 2 个因子（身体监测、症状识别），自我护理管理分量表提取出 2 个因子（自主管理、咨询管理），自我护理自信分量表提取出 2 个因子（监测与管理信心、健康维持信心）。中文版 SCODI 总量表的 Cronbach's α 系数为 0.915，折半信度为 0.836，组合信度为 0.912，4 个分量表的 Cronbach's α 系数为 0.709~0.908。以生理指标糖化血红蛋白作为效标，各量表得分与糖化血红蛋白水平呈显著负相关（rs=-0.160、-0.300、-0.177、-0.192，P<0.001）。结论 基于慢性病自我护理中层理论开发的中文版 SCODI 具有良好的信度和效度，可用于评估中国糖尿病患者的自我护理水平。
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2024-05-24 合作期刊: 《Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics》
摘要： Owing to the broad energy coverage of Insight-HXMT in the hard X-ray band, we detected the highest energy of pulsation exceeding 200 keV around the 2017–2018 outburst peak of the first Galactic pulsating ultraluminous X-ray source (PULX) Swift J0243.6+6124, which is the highest energy detected from PULXs to date. We also obtained the highest energy of pulsation of every exposure during the outburst in 2017–2018, and found the highest energy is roughly positively correlated with luminosity. Using our newly developed method, we identified the critical luminosity being 4 × 1038 erg s−1 when the main peaks of the low and high energy pulse profiles became aligned, which separates the fan-beam dominated and pencil-beam dominated accretion regimes. Above the critical luminosity, the phase of the main peak shifted gradually from 0.5 to 0.8 until the outburst peak in all energy bands is reached, which is in agreement with the phase shift found previously at low energies. Our result is consistent with what is derived from spectral analysis.
分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2024-05-24 合作期刊: 《Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics》
摘要： We present a study of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) with pseudobulges (bulges with Sérsic index n 2σ) mean of specific star formation rate (sSFR) enhancement (sSFRenh = 0.33 ± 0.07 versus sSFRenh = 0.12 ± 0.06) and broader scatter (by ∼1 dex). The eight SFGs that have the highest sSFRenh in the sample all have pseudobulges. A majority (69%) of paired SFGs with strong enhancement (having sSFR more than 5 times the median of the control galaxies) have pseudobulges. The Spitzer data show that the pseudobulges in these galaxies are tightly linked to nuclear/circum-nuclear starbursts. Pseudobulge SFGs in S+S and in S+E pairs have significantly (>3σ) different sSFR enhancement, with the means of sSFRenh = 0.45 ± 0.08 and −0.04 ± 0.11, respectively. We find a decrease in the sSFR enhancements with the density of the environment for SFGs with pseudobulges. Since a high fraction (5/11) of pseudobulge SFGs in S+E pairs are in rich groups/clusters (local density N1Mpc ≥ 7), the dense environment might be the cause for their low sSFRenh.
分类： 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间： 2024-05-27 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要： 背景既往研究发现臂间血压差（IAD）和轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）均与心血管危险因素密切相关，但IAD与MCI之间是否存在关联尚不明确。目的 探讨农村老年人IAD与MCI的关系，为明晰老年人认知功能下降的机制提供科学依据。方法 于2019年7—8月采用多阶段整群抽样方法抽取贵州省2个县（区）5个乡镇的60岁及以上农村老年人进行问卷调查、一般体格检查、认知功能检查及双臂血压测量。采用简易精神状态评价量表（MMSE）评估认知功能，采用日常生活活动量表（ADL）评估日常生活功能状况。采用Spearman秩相关分析及二分类Logistic回归分析探究老年人IAD与MCI的关联性。结果 本次调查共发放问卷1795份，排除问卷信息不完整、未进行血压测量、未进行血液检查对象，最终纳入1088名参与者的数据进行研究。1088名农村老年人中，共检出MCI患者138例（12.68%），臂间收缩压差（sIAD）≥10mmHg者99例（9.10%），臂间舒张压差（dIAD）≥10mmHg者80例（7.35%）。与IAD<10mmHg人群相比，IAD≥10mmHg人群的MCI患病率更高，MMSE总分、定向力、语言能力和延时回忆力得分较低（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果显示，sIAD与MMSE总分（rs=-0.094）、定向力评分（rs=-0.082）、语言能力评分（rs=-0.065）和延迟回忆力评分（rs=-0.104）呈负相关（P<0.05）；dIAD与MMSE总分（rs=-0.080）、定向力评分（rs=-0.094）和注意计算力评分（rs=-0.063）呈负相关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，sIAD每增加1mmHg，MCI发生风险增加8.80%（OR=1.088，95%CI=1.046~1.131；P<0.001）；sIAD≥10mmHg（OR=2.169，95%CI=1.262~3.728；P<0.05）和dIAD≥10mmHg（OR=1.926，95%CI=1.047~3.542；P<0.05）是老年人发生MCI的影响因素。结论 农村老年人MCI患病率为12.68%，其IAD升高与MCI发生风险增加相关，IAD≥10mmHg人群MCI患病风险高于IAD<10mmHg人群。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2024-05-23
摘要： The Bradford’s law of bibliographic scattering is a fundamental law in bibliometrics and can provide valuable guidance to academic libraries in literature search and procurement. However, the Bradford’s curves can take various shapes at different time points and there is still a lack of causal explanation for it, so the prediction of its shape is still an open question. This paper attributes the deviation of Bradford curve from the theoretical J-shape to the integer constraints of the journal number and article number, and extends the Leimkuhler and Egghe’s formula to cover the core region of very productive journals, where the theoretical journal number of which fall below one, ftXi=CXiα . The key parameters of the extended formula are identified and studied by using the Simon-Yule model. The reasons for the Groos Droop are explained and the critical point for the shape change are studied. Finally, the proposed formulae are validated with the empirical data found in the literature. It is found that the proposed method can be used to predict the evolution of Bradford’s curves and thus guide the academic library for scientific literature procurement and utilization.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 核科学与技术 提交时间： 2024-05-21
摘要： 神经网络可以基于大量数据学习输入输出变量之间的关系，具有强大的拟合能力，在包括核工程计算领域常用作程序的代理模型。中子输运计算作为中子学模拟的核心环节之一，其耗时较长的问题可以通过利用神经网络模型来解决。然而，神经网络模型具有一系列超参数需要设置，而手动调节这些超参数工作量大，重复繁琐，只能依靠经验进行，而且求解不同问题时这些超参数不可复用。为了解决以上问题，本文提出了一种采用贝叶斯优化(Bayesian Optimization)算法来调节神经网络超参数，结合了学习率衰减、损失函数优化方法，它可以针对不同问题的数据集，自动搜索超参数的最佳组合，以获得最佳性能，具有很高的灵活性和效率，泛化性强。本文对 TAKEDA基准题得到的堆芯关键参数进行拟合，结果表明有效增殖因数keff的平均误差在150pcm以内，TAKEDA1数据集上区域积分通量Φ的平均误差率为1.72%，最大误差率为7.56%。该研究可为人工智能在堆芯物理计算理论的应用提供一定参考。
分类： 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间： 2024-05-27 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》
摘要： 背景尽管近年来肺栓塞继发肺梗死的病例不断见诸报道，但该病的误诊仍较普遍，其中最常被误诊为肺炎。尤其是存在中高危风险患者，延迟诊断、未能及时接受治疗将会影响患者的预后。目的 总结中高危肺栓塞继发肺梗死误诊为肺炎患者的临床特征，分析相关危险因素，并构建早期诊断模型。方法 回顾性收集中国科学技术大学附属第一医院2017—2023年确诊为中高危风险肺栓塞继发肺梗死的住院患者临床资料。分析患者误诊情况，根据诊断情况分为误诊组（曾误诊为肺炎离院回家）和对照组（门诊或急诊科首次就诊即正确诊断）。采用多因素二元Logistic回归分析探究中高危风险肺栓塞继发肺梗死误诊为肺炎的影响因素，绘制受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）分析各指标对中高危风险肺栓塞继发肺梗死误诊为肺炎的预测价值，并采用Delong检验比较各ROC曲线下面积（AUC）。结果 共纳入患者101例，其中70例中高危肺栓塞继发肺梗死患者误诊为肺炎。2017—2023年中高危肺栓塞继发肺梗死患者误诊为肺炎的发生率呈下降趋势（依次为100.0%、83.3%、74.1%、71.4%、63.2%、66.7%、50.0%，P=0.010）。多因素二元Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄≥60岁（OR=18.271，95%CI=4.373~76.339，P<0.001）、发热（OR=16.073，95%CI=3.510~73.786，P<0.001）、胸痛（OR=6.660，95%CI=1.571~28.233，P=0.010）和不伴有呼吸困难（OR=9.027，95%CI=2.049~30.249，P=0.003）是中高危风险肺栓塞继发肺梗死被误诊为肺炎的独立影响因素。多变量联合模型 =-6.624+0.095×年龄 +2.510× 发热 +2.683×不伴有呼吸困难，联合模型预测中高危风险肺栓塞继发肺梗死被误诊为肺炎的AUC为 0.880（95%CI=0.802~0.959），最佳截断值0.854，灵敏度0.871，特异性0.806。联合模型预测价值优于单因素指标如年龄（Z=2.771，P=0.006）、发热（Z=4.653，P<0.001）及不伴有呼吸困难（Z=4.014，P<0.001）。结论尽管2017—2023年中高危肺栓塞继发肺梗死患者误诊为肺炎的比例有所降低，但当老年肺栓塞患者出现发热、胸痛并且不伴有呼吸困难时，临床医生应注意肺梗死与肺炎的鉴别诊断。
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Electromagnetic spins, including longitudinal and transverse ones, have been playing important roles in light-matter interactions. Here, we formulate a unified equation to uncover the physical origins and topological properties of longitudinal and transverse spins in a generic electromagnetic field. The equation reveals universally that the transverse spin is locked with the kinetic momentum and originated from the transverse inhomogeneities of field, whereas the helix-dependent longitudinal spin orients parallel to the local wavevector. Remarkably, a hidden extraordinary helix-dependent transverse spin possessing helix-dependent spin-momentum locking is discovered and the number of locking states consistent with the nontrivial topological spin Chern number. Furthermore, this spin which determines the inverted helical components is related to the Berry curvature closely. The findings, which are demonstrated experimentally by measuring the three-dimensional spin components in the focusing configuration, will deepen the understanding the underlying physics of spins and open an avenue for chiral quantum optical applications.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Polarization vectors of light traveling in a coiled optical fiber rotate around its propagating axis even in the absence of birefringence. This rotation was usually explained due to the Pancharatnam-Berry phase of spin-1 photons. Here, we use a purely geometric method to understand this rotation. We show that similar geometric rotations also exist for twisted light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). The corresponding geometric phase can be applied in photonic OAM-state-based quantum computation and quantum sensing.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Optical forces in the near fields have important applications in on-chip optical manipulations of small particles and molecules. Here, we report a study of optical force and torque on small particles induced by the optical polarization singularities of a gold cylinder. We show that the scattering of the cylinder generates both electric and magnetic C lines (i.e., lines of polarization singularities) in the near fields, and the C lines can induce complex force and torque on a dielectric/magnetic particle. The force and torque manifest dramatic spatial variations with interesting symmetry properties, providing rich degrees of freedom for near-field optical manipulations. The study, for the first time to our knowledge, uncovers the effect of optical polarization singularities on light-induced force and torque on small particles. The results contribute to the understanding of chiral light-matter interactions and can find applications in on-chip optical manipulations and optical sensing.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： How migratory birds can find the right way in navigating over thousand miles is an intriguing question, which much interested researchers in both fields of biology and physics for centuries. There several putative proposals that sound intuitively plausible all remain contested so far because those hypothesis-models of magnetoreceptor to sense geomagnetic field need either extremely high sensitivity or humankind-like intelligence to guide. Here we explore theoretically that the birds can navigate to their destination through an entirely new scenario to sense the geomagnetic field. Our proposal is based on separate peaks of the resonance-fluorescence spectrum of a four-level system derived from the ferric sulfide cluster which exists in a protein complex (Drosophila CG8198) of migratory birds. As the separation of spectral peaks contains information about geomagnetic field at both current location and birthland, the change of such separation cues the bird to choose a right direction to move and double-resonance emerges once arrived the destination. Our theoretical mechanism can explain previous experiments on the disorientation of migratory birds caused by oscillating magnetic field naturally and more precisely. This work provides insight to explain migratory navigation and motivates possible manmade practical devices.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Narrow linewidth laser(NLL) of high frequency stability and small form factor is essential to enable applications in long range sensing, quantum information and atomic clocks. Various high performance NLL have been demonstrated by Pound-Drever Hall(PDH) lock or self injection lock(SIL) of a seed laser to a vaccum-stabilized FP cavity of ultrahigh quality factor(Q). However they are often complicated lab setups due to the sophisticated stabilizing system and locking electronics. Here we report a compact NLL of 68mL volume, realized by SIL of a diode laser to a miniature FP cavity of 7.7x108 Q and 0.5mL volume, bypassing table-size vaccum, thermal and vibration isolation. We characterized the NLL with a self-delayed heterodyne system, the Lorentzian linewidth reaches 60mHz, and the integrated linewidth is ~80Hz. The frequency noise performance exceeds that of commercial NLLs and the best reported hybrid-integrated NLL realized by SIL to high Q on-chip ring resonators. Our work marks a major step toward a field-deployable NLL of superior performance utilizing ultra-high Q FP cavity.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Conventional coherent absorption occurs only when two incident beams exhibit mirror symmetry with respect to the absorbing surface, i.e., the two beams have the same incident angles, phases, and amplitudes. In this work, we propose a more general metasurface paradigm for coherent perfect absorption, with impinging waves from arbitrary asymmetric directions. By exploiting excitation of unidirectional evanescent waves, the output can be fixed at one reflection direction for any amplitude and phase of the control wave. We show theoretically and confirm experimentally that the relative amplitude of the reflected wave can be tuned continuously from zero to unity by changing the phase difference between the two beams, i.e. switching from coherent perfect absorption to full reflection. We hope that this work will open up promising possibilities for wave manipulation via evanescent waves engineering with applications in optical switches, one-side sensing, and radar cross section control.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
Lingya Yu
Zengbo Wang
Lizhou Xu
Liyang Yue
Bing Yan
Igor V. Minin
Oleg V. Minin
Baidong Wu
Yiduo Chen
摘要： Photonic hook (PH) is a new type of artificial self-bending beam focused by a dielectric particle-lens with a curved waist smaller than the wavelength, which has the potential to revolutionize mesoscale photonics in many applications, e.g., optical trapping, signal switching, imaging, etc. In this paper, we discover a new mechanism that the highly curved PHs can be realised by the light interaction with the fully or partially metal-coated microchannels. The generated W-shaped and J-shaped PHs have bending angles exceeding 80-degree. Compared to other PH setups, the proposed design has a larger range to flexibly control the bending angle through the coating process and can be easily integrated with the established microfluidic systems.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： We show that the time-averaged Poynting vector in parity-time (PT ) symmetric coupled waveguides is always positive and cannot explain the stopped light at exceptional points (EPs). In order to solve this paradox, we must accept the fact that the fields E and H and the Poynting vector in non-Hermitian systems are in general complex. Based on the original definition of the instantaneous Poynting vector, a formula on the group velocity is proposed, which agrees perfectly well with that calculated directly from the dispersion curves. It explains not only the stopped light at EPs, but also the fast-light effect near it. This investigation bridges a gap between the classic electrodynamics and the non-Hermitian physics, and highlights the novelty of non-Hermitian optics.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Mode-locked lasers, which produce ultrashort pulses in the picosecond and femtosecond range, have enabled some of the most precise measurements. However, despite significant recent progress, resolving the temporal behavior of their short pulses is still a challenge. State-of-the-art oscilloscopes with tens of picosecond resolution prevent time-resolved observations in mode-locked lasers and limit the real-time pulse evolution tracking of ultrafast lasers. Here, using the time-lens technique with a Raman amplifier, we implement an ultrafast single-shot time-microscope (TM) with a high temporal magnification factor of 355 and a time measurement window of 1 millisecond that contains ~1.8*10^4 consecutive pulses. We use this TM to characterize the temporal evolution of mode-locked lasers and reveal a temporal sideway oscillation (winding) behavior, a previously unobserved feature of lasers in both theory and experiment. Our experimental observations confirm that the winding behavior is an essential feature in the operation of mode-locked lasers. We theoretically and experimentally found that the winding characteristic evolution originates from gain-induced fluctuations for relatively high gain energies, while Q-switched modulations being the main cause for lower energies. Our findings based on advanced real-time measurements open up new insights into ultrafast and transient optics and may impact future laser designs, modern ultrafast diagnostics, and influence progress in nonlinear optics in general.
分类： 光学 >> 量子光学 提交时间： 2023-02-19
摘要： Halide perovskite materials raised tremendous interest in recent years since their cheap fabrication, superior performance in both solar cell and light emitting diode (LED). Due to the existence of layered quantum well structure, quasi two-dimensional(2D) halide perovskite has more intriguing spin related physics than its 3D counterpart. For instance, the detection and brightening of dark exciton (DX) in 2D halide perovskite attracts much attention since these species can be used in opto-spintronic and quantum computing devices. Here, we report the gradually brightened emission of the DX at 2.33 eV with the thickness decreases in (PEA)2PbI4 single crystalline nanoflake, which hitherto has not been reported. By coupling with in-plane (IP) magnetic field in Voigt configuration, the DX emission can be sharply enhanced, while for the out-of-plane (OP) magnetic field in Faraday configuration, the DX emission has no noticeable change, which can be reconciled with the theory interpretation of magnetic field dependent wave function mixing between the four exciton states fi1, fi2, fi3- , fi3+. The emission of DX fi2 at 2.335 eV and the fine splitting of all the four states are observed in static PL spectroscopy for the first time. Our work thus clarifies the debating questions regarding to previous research on DX behavior in 2D halide perovskite material and sheds light on the road of realizing opto-spintronic or quantum computing devices with these materials.
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