Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics submitted time 2019-11-28
Abstract： Music and speech share many acoustic commonalities and cognitive mechanisms. Previous studies have found that music training can improve categorical perception (CP) of Mandarin tones in adult musicians. However, it remains to be established whether music training can enhance the categorical perception of Mandarin tones in young children and whether the training effects can be influenced by the training duration. The present study used a 2 (group: music training vs no-training) × 3 (test time: pre vs 6-month post vs 12-month post) between-and-within-subjects design to investigate the effects of music training on 4- to 5-year-old children’s CP of a Mandarin lexical tone continuum (from Tone 1 to Tone 2). The music training consisted of 110 sessions, 30 minutes per session, and three sessions per week for 12 months involving 20 preschoolers. The children were assigned to two groups, music training group (N=20, age range from 49.69 months to 51.42 months, SD=2.91 months) and control group (N=20, age range from 51.69 to 52.56 months, SD=3.0 months). In the music training group, the instructor guided children in activities leading to playing the small carillon, while children in the no-training group were given routine class activities. Each session of music training consisted four parts: Part 1 was “listen and sing songs” in which children learned to master notes and focus attention on subtle pitch changes; Part 2 was “listen and discriminate musical notes”, children learned to play a single note accurately according to the background music; Part 3 was “listen and play the carillon”, children listened to pitch changes in the background music, sang the notes and played the whole song melody; Part 4 was “play the carillon along with actions”, children listened to the background music and learned to play the carillon along with simple dancing actions. Children’s CP of tone continuum was measured before the learning began, after 6- month and after 12- month training using two tasks (identification test and discrimination test). This study investigated if music training can enhance children’s boundary position, boundary width, within-category and between-category discrimination accuracy in CP of Mandarin Tone 1 and Tone 2 through 2 (group: music training vs no-training) ×3 (test time: pre vs 6-month post vs 12-month post) repeated measures ANOVA. The results revealed that although the perceptual boundary positions and ability to discriminate between-category tone pairs were unaffected by training, the boundary width values and within-category discrimination accuracies differed significantly between the experimental and control groups. The analysis of boundary width values and within-category discrimination accuracy revealed a significant interaction between group and test time. An analysis of simple effects further indicated that in the pretest and 6-month posttest, there was no significant effect between music training group and no-training group. In the 12-month posttest, the boundary width decreased significantly and the within-category discrimination accuracies increased significantly in the music training group, while no significant differences were found on boundary width and within-category discrimination accuracy in the control group. These results suggest that long-term music training can enhance children’s CP of Mandarin tonal contrasts. In conclusion, our results supported the OPERA theory that music training can raise the steepness of boundary widths and enhance children’s sensitivity to subtle pitch differences between within-category sounds in the presence of robust mental representation in the service of CP of lexical tonal contrasts.
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2019-11-27 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract： 水切伦科夫探测器阵列(WCDA)是高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)的主体探测之一，水作为探测器的唯一探测介质，水的洁净度将直接影响探测器对切伦科夫光的探测效率。为保证WCDA物理目标的实现，水衰减长度的实时测量和监测至关重要，是探测器正常运行和标定的关键工作之一。本实验分别介绍了水衰减长度测量装置和紫外可见分光光度计的工作原理，并通过不同波长的LED对各种样品水进行测量，将两种方法的数据结果进行对比分析，找出了两种装置的测量误差分别为0.22m和0.18m，以及工业指标吸光度与科研指标水衰减长度之间的对应关系，并为GEANT4模拟确定了一种Querry水质模型，进一步推进了模拟的真实化。通过对WCDA一号水池水衰减测量装置的验证及从注水到稳定运行期间的水质监测的数据研究，总结了一套稳定可靠的水质监测方案，为二、三号水池的监测工作奠定了良好的基础。
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2019-11-27 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract： 圆顶视宁度来源于圆顶引起望远镜附近的大气湍流，会造成望远镜成像质量与观测精度下降。较差的圆顶视宁度浪费了优秀台址条件。圆顶通风是大型望远镜圆顶设计中必不可少的部分，可有效解决圆顶视宁度问题。为了减少兴隆2.16米望远镜圆顶视宁度的影响，对圆顶吊装通道改造为通风口进行了设计，并使用计算流体动力学软件对通风效果进行分析。分析结果表明，将圆顶吊装通道改造为通风口可以提高圆顶内外热平衡速率，令圆顶内空气更稳定，从而降低圆顶视宁度影响。根据通风效果模拟结果，可对通风策略进行优化设计。圆顶通风的研究可为2.16米望远镜圆顶通风改造提供参考依据，以提高望远镜成像质量和效率。
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-11-27
Abstract： In sentence production, syntactic priming, syntactic priming effectrefers to a phenomenon that speakers or writers tend to reuse syntactic structures that they have recently processed, and the repeated syntactic structures elicit shorter sentence production latencies than the novel ones. Different theories have been proposed to account for the syntactic priming effect. Among them, both the Residual Activation Theory and the Implicit Learning Theory aim to address speakers’ syntactic choices ratio, but with different theoretical bases on memory and learning, respectively. In addition, the Two-stage Competition Model attempts to explain the syntactic priming in syntactic choices ratio as well as production latencies. Experimental works have demonstrated that syntactic priming stably exists even after excluding the semantic and lexical relevance between the prime sentence and the target sentence, which suggests that syntactic priming actually reflects syntactic processing in sentence production. In the present study, we explored the cognitive mechanism of syntactic processing in Mandarin spoken sentence production using a syntactic priming paradigm. In this paradigm, participants were firstly instructed to read the prime sentence aloud and then judge whether the sentence’s description matched the prime picture. Then, participants were instructed to describe the target picture using the verb at the bottom. The dependent variables included not only the syntactic choices ratio but also the sentence production latencies. In experiment 1, we manipulated syntax structure of the prime sentence (double object dative vs. prepositional object dative) and verb overlap between the prime sentence and the target sentence (no verb overlap vs. verb overlap). In experiment 2, we added a within-subjects factor of lag by manipulating whether the target picture was presented immediately after the prime sentence, or after two or six intervening descriptions (Lag 0 vs. Lag 2 vs. Lag 6). For the syntactic choices ratio, results indicated that participants produced significantly more double-object sentences following double-object primes than following prepositional-object primes, and the syntactic priming was much stronger in the verb overlapping condition than in the verb non-overlapping condition. Furthermore, we found that the syntactic priming effect persisted when the prime sentence and the target sentence did not share the verb, whereas the lexical boost effect (i.e. a stronger syntactic priming effect caused by the verb overlap between the prime sentence and the target sentence) disappeared after six intervening descriptions. For the sentence production latencies, results indicated that the repetition of syntactic structures significantly speeded up target sentence production. Besides, we found that verb overlap slowed down the sentence production as the lag between primes and targets increased (also known as the lexical suppression effect) only when the syntactic structure was repeated. Unifying the different findings in the syntactic choices ratio and the production latencies, we suggest that, apart from the stage where a sentence is planned specifically, sentence production comprises a syntactic construction stage in which speakers map the thematic roles to one structural alternative. These findings are consistent with the Two-stage Competition Model. In methodology, we also suggest that syntactic choices ratio is sensitive to sentence generation process. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Mathematics >> Computational Mathematics. submitted time 2019-11-26
Abstract： This paper proposes a novel clustring algorithm named Sliding Means, aiming to take the place of k-means algorithm which is widely used in internet applications. Sliding means has the ability to handle with very large datasets, and to automatically determine the number of clusters. With the help of shuffling samples, bad initial centroids have little chance to be selected. Sliding means is also able to drop some bad centroids on the fly. On the iris dataset and optdigits dataset, sliding means achieves better performance(Adjusted Rand Index) than k-means by 9.93% and 5.17% respectively.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2019-11-23
Abstract： " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Mathematics >> Mathematical Physics submitted time 2019-11-23
Abstract： " The strict opositivity of 4th order symmetric tensor may apply to detect vacuum stability of general scalar potential. For finding analytical expressions of (strict) opositivity of 4th order symmetric tensor, we may reduce its order to 3rd order to better deal with it. So, it is provided that several analytically sufficient conditions for the copositivity of 3th order 2 dimensional (3 dimensional) symmetric tensors. Subsequently, applying these conclusions to 4th order tensors, the analytically sufficient conditions of copositivity are proved for 4th order 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional symmetric tensors. Finally, we apply these results to present analytical vacuum stability conditions for vacuum stability for $\mathbb{Z}_3$ scalar dark matter. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2019-11-22
Abstract： Infra-slow oscillation (ISO) is a kind of brain rhythm between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz. ISO is widely distributed in multiple brain regions. As an important brain activity, the ISO interacts with high-frequency neural rhythm via cross-frequency coupling while has different activity patterns from high-frequency neural activity. ISO may be generated by the dynamic activity of thalamus, glia and ions, regulating the overall excitability of the brain and thereby affecting the efficiency of cognitive activities. The frequency, amplitude, and phase of ISO could all regulate the overall efficiency of cognitive activity. Future researches should investigate the relationship between various physiological mechanisms of ISO and diverse cognitive activities, and explore the rules of the interaction between ISO and mental activities, further promoting the construction of rhythmic theory of brain function. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2019-11-21
Abstract： Empathy refers to the traits, or tendencies, of a person to affectively experience emotions of concern at the suffering of others and to cognitively adopt another person’s perspective. Possession of empathy has been assumed to encourage prosocial behavior. The mechanisms by which empathy affects prosocial behavior for adolescent survivors of disaster, however, are unclear. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) was considered a common positive change following trauma events and was identified as having a high prevalence rate in various trauma types. After experiencing natural disasters, individuals with high empathy are more vulnerable to their adverse environment and the traumatic situations of others. This results in more psychological pressure and fear, and these pressures and negative emotions force individuals to think about the meaning of trauma, thus promoting the generation of PTG. The emergence of PTG brings positive behavioral change among survivors after the disaster. Therefore, it was suggested that empathy may exert indirect effects on prosocial behavior through PTG. According to current theories, empathy has different emotional and cognitive components. When individuals empathize with others, these components are activated, which may lead to gratitude and, in turn, result in prosocial behavior. As a moral barometer, gratitude informs the beneficiary that a benefactor has bestowed a gift. The prosocial behavior of a benefactor toward a beneficiary is thought to produce gratitude within the beneficiary. This then stimulates the beneficiary’s prosocial behavior, further strengthening the benefactor’s own prosocial behavior. Furthermore, traumatized survivors with greater empathy may improve communication with others, increase the sense of intimacy, and perceive more support from others—meaning that empathy may lead individuals to have more social support. Social support refers to an individual’s perception of the support provided by others. That perception can be influenced by gratitude. Adolescents with low social support are more likely to interpret other people’s ambiguous actions as aggressive. Thus, stable social relationships seem to promote PTG and prosocial behavior. Taken together, it is possible that empathy can promote prosocial behavior through gratitude, social support, and PTG in post-disaster contexts. The utility of these predictions, however, was unclear. To examine the relation between empathy, gratitude, social support, PTG and prosocial behavior, this study used an interpersonal reactivity index scale, gratitude questionnaire, social support questionnaire, posttraumatic growth inventory and prosocial behavior questionnaire to assess 542 adolescents following Ya’an earthquake. The results indicated that after controlling the trauma exposure, empathy have a positive association with prosocial behavior through the following routes: three one-mediator paths of gratitude, social support and PTG, respectively; three two-mediator paths of gratitude via PTG, social support via PTG and gratitude via social support, and one three-mediator path from gratitude to PTG via social support. These findings suggested that following a natural disaster, adolescent survivors’ empathy may have an indirect and positive relation with prosocial behavior by gratitude, social support and PTG.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-11-20
Abstract： Stimuli presented with interference of the nature of targets detection are later recognized more accurately than that of distracted rejection, an unusual effect labeled the attentional boost effect (ABE). Spataro, Mulligan, Gabrielli and Rossi-Arnaud (2016) proposed the item-specific account, arguing that target detection mainly facilitates the processing of item-specific information rather than relational information. The item-specific account seems to have a larger scope of application. However, Spataro et al. (2016) proposed this account mainly based on the different degrees to which test tasks depended on item-specific and relational information. As a result, we propose a question: if target detection mainly promotes the item-specific information of the background stimulus, when the background stimulus mainly depends on the processing of relational information, will the promoting effect of target detection be reduced or even disappear? The discussion of this issue could provide more direct evidence for the item-specific account of the ABE. In the present study, mixed learning and classified learning methods were used to process the item-specific information and relational information of background stimuli. In general, pictures and words contain different perceptual information; the memory of picture preferentially utilizes image representations, while the memory of word preferentially utilizes semantic representations. Additionally, do the processing differences seen between words and pictures change the effects of classified and mixed learning on the ABE? To answer these questions, the current study performed two experiments to test whether the ABE is affected by the different types of processing needed for words and pictures used as background information. The experiment was a 2 (presentation mode: classified learning, mixed learning) × 3 (stimulus type: target, distraction, baseline) mixed design. The presentation mode is the between-subjects variable, and the stimulus type is the within-subjects variable. In experiment 1, in classified learning, category words and words unrelated to the category were presented in sequential groups, and the words in each group were presented randomly. To enhance the effect of classification, a 3000 ms "blink" cue and a 1000 ms "continue" cue were inserted between every two groups of words. In mixed learning, category words and words unrelated to the category were presented randomly through a mixed display, and there were no extra intervals between groups. Sixty students participated in experiment 1, and 78 students participated in experiment 2. Participants were told to read each word aloud while simultaneously monitoring a small indicator above the word. Participants were then instructed to press the space bar as quickly as possible when they saw that the indicator was a “+” (a target) and to withhold a response when they saw that the indicator was a “–” (a distractor) or when they did not see an indicator at all (no indicator). In experiment 2, pictures (brief strokes) were used as background stimuli, and the other task and procedure were similar to those in experiment 1. The main results were as follows. In Experiment 1, the ABE is robust only in mixed learning; that is, the recognition rate of target-paired words is obviously better than that of distractor-paired words (p = 0.004) and even reaches the level of full attention (baseline words)(p = 0.95). The recognition rate of distractor-paired words is obviously lower than that of baseline words(p = 0.044), showing a typical distraction inhibitory effect. Moreover, there was no significant difference between target-paired words (p = 0.636) and baseline words (p = 0.697) in the two presentation modes, but the recognition rate of distractor-paired words during classified learning was significantly higher than that of mixed learning (p = 0.008). In experiment 2, the ABE was found in both classified and mixed learning modes, but the ABE during classified learning (10%) was lower than that during mixed learning (16%). The recognition rate of target-paired pictures was even better than that of baseline pictures, showing an absolute attention boosting effect. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the recognition rate for the two kinds of target-paired pictures (p = 0.614). However, the recognition rates of distractor-paired pictures (p = 0.043) and baseline pictures (p = 0.036) show differences in the presentation mode. During classified learning, the recognition rates of distractor-paired pictures and baseline pictures are slightly higher than those during mixed learning. The results suggest that compared with the mixed learning condition, the ABE in the classified learning condition is reduced. Compared with pictures, the ABE for words is more vulnerable to classified learning, which can even makes the ABE disappear. This effect may occur because participants tend to encode relational information in classified learning, which may reduce the inhibitory effect of distraction rejection, thus reducing the difference between target-pair stimuli and distractor-pair stimuli. Therefore, the current study provides more direct evidence for the item-specific account of the ABE. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2019-11-15
Abstract： Social dilemma is a multi-disciplinary topic widely discussed in Ethics, Psychology, Sociology and Economics, among which moral dilemma is the typical paradigm and has a long history of research. Present article reviewed three existed empirical approaches in dilemma research, traditional dilemma paradigm, process dissociation method and Consequences-Norms-generalized Inaction/action (CNI) model. Based on analyzing the contributions and limitations of the above three approaches, we developed a Consequences-general Action/inaction preference-Norms sensitivity estimation (CAN) algorithm. With the development of the four approaches, moral dilemma research has no longer limited in the contradicted dilemma situations. CNI model and CAN algorithm have extended to consider the four combinations between proscriptive/prescriptive norms and benefits greater/smaller than costs. With CNI model and CAN algorithm, Controversies in moral theories and empirical inconsistences can be further clarified. The four approaches provided methodological references for the similar topics with potential contradictions in many other domains. Therefore, the approaches can be used in multi-disciplines."
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：原发性眼内淋巴瘤(Primary intraocular lymphoma，PIOL)是一种非霍奇金淋巴瘤，被归类为原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma，PCNSL)的特殊亚型。目前PIOL的诊断仍面临一定挑战，因为它具有伪装性（伪装成葡萄膜炎、白塞病等多种疾病），组织细胞病理活检仍是其诊断的金标准, 而基因检测、细胞因子检测、流式细胞分析等多方式联合检测可提高PIOL的确诊率。目前PIOL尚无统一治疗方案，局部放疗、玻璃体腔化疗和大剂量全身化疗是控制该病的有效手段，但预后较差，易局部复发和继发中枢神经系统扩散，故早期诊断和治疗对PIOL的预后非常重要。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：【目的】应用SET-iFISH技术对肾细胞癌外周血循环肿瘤细胞及其亚型进行检测以及相关临床分析。【材料与方法】北京协和医院确诊的55例肾细胞癌患者，收集临床资料，采集外周血6ml，应用差减富集法分离富集CTCs，iFISH技术进行CTCs分析鉴定。【结果】55例肾癌患者中有51例检测到CTCs，以CTCs≥3/6ml为阳性标准，55例肾癌CTCs检测阳性率为63.6%，伴有癌栓或远处转移的肾癌CTCs检测阳性率高于局限性肾癌，但CTCs检测值、检测阳性率与其他临床特征之间无明显相关性；亚型分析显示肾癌CTCs以三倍体CTCs和≥五倍体CTCs为主，透明细胞癌的CTM检出率为35.1%（13/37），而10例非透明细胞癌均未检测到CTM。【结论】SET-iFISH技术对肾癌CTCs检出率高，伴有癌栓或远处转移的肾癌CTCs检测阳性率（≥3/6ml）高于局限性肾癌，透明细胞癌较其他病理类型可能更容易形成CTM。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：随着信息技术在医疗领域的深入应用，信息技术相关的医疗不良事件也不断增加。本文对国内外信息技术相关医疗不良事件的术语、概念和研究现状进行了梳理，从事件表现形式、系统组成要素、根本原因三个方面对其进行分类，并给出相应界定和案例说明。结合国内外相关研究，进一步探讨了信息技术相关医疗不良事件的应对策略，提出提高重视程度、鼓励上报以及建立规范化防范体系的解决方案。以期提高医疗行业对此类不良事件的认识和关注，为相关研究提供参考。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：目的：旨在分析头颈部手术后非计划二次插管患者的危险因素及预后。方法：本研究为病例对照研究，2014至2018年间，北京协和医院所有全身麻醉下头颈部术后接受非计划二次插管患者与对照进行1:4进行配对。危险因素及预后使用单因素及多因素分析进行评估。结果：5年间，共有36例全麻术后患者由于气道原因在手术室内行非计划二次插管，其中12例为头颈部手术（33.3%）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示，全身麻醉史（OR=11.93，95%CI=1.36-104.63，P=0.025），内生肌酐清除率（Creatine Clearance rate, Ccr）<70ml/min（OR=10.12，95%CI=1.03-99.17，P=0.047），Cormack-Lehane Ⅲ级（OR=132.34，95%CI=2.89-6065.81，P=0.012），液体负荷≥20ml/kg（OR=13.95，95%CI=1.66-117.42，P=0.015）为造成头颈手术后非计划二次插管患者的高危因素，此类患者术后住院天数（P=0.013）及ICU停留天数（P<0.001）显著延长。结论：针对5年间北京协和医院头颈部全麻手术患者，全身麻醉史、Ccr<70ml/min，Cormack-Lehane Ⅲ级和液体负荷≥20ml/kg为其非计划二次插管患者的独立危险因素，其术后住院天数及在重症监护室停留天数显著延长。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：目的：对于2型糖尿病合并特发性膜性肾病(IMN)患者，比较不同治疗的疗效及预后。方法：本回顾性研究连续纳入89例2型糖尿病合并IMN患者，按初始治疗分为钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNIs)、环磷酰胺(CTX)及其它治疗三组，以总体缓解(TR)及完全缓解(CR)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥30%或进入终末期肾病(ESRD)作为结局，采用生存分析比较不同治疗方案在上述结局事件方面的差异。结果：对于2型糖尿病合并IMN者，CNIs组和CTX组在CR(P=0.68)或TR(P=0.20)方面无统计学差异，但前者出现肾功能损害风险较高(P=0.010)，上述趋势在多因素COX回归中仍存在。结论：在2型糖尿病合并IMN中，CNIs治疗的蛋白尿缓解与CTX相似，但发生肾功能下降的风险更高。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：目的 探讨乳腺原发性神经内分泌癌（primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast, NEBC）和乳腺浸润性癌（非特殊型）（invasive carcinoma of no special type，NST）的临床病理差异以及淋巴结转移的相关影响因素。结果两组患者的年龄、瘤体直径、组织学分级、清扫淋巴结数目及TNM分期均无统计学差异，两组患者基线水平较为一致。50例原发性乳腺神经内分泌癌中有淋巴结转移的患者15例。雌激素受体阳性表达率为96%，孕激素受体阳性表达率为84%，HER-2 阳性表达率为8.5%，嗜铬素A阳性表达率为58%，突触素阳性表达率为97.9%。影响淋巴结转移的相关因素分析中，T分期在对照组NST患者中存在显著的差异（P=0.006），在研究组则没有显著差异（P=0.872），研究组淋巴结转移率与T分期、组织学分级及免疫组化指标尚未发现明确的差异性（P>0.05）。结论在原发性乳腺神经内分泌癌中，雌激素受体、孕激素受体阳性表达率高，HER-2 阳性表达率低，突触素阳性表达率较嗜铬素A高。虽然评估NEBC的预后标准尚有争议，但是仍然需要重视联合检测上述免疫组化指标及淋巴结状况。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：患者男性，87岁，主诉“皮疹1月余，胸闷伴少尿11天”，于2019年4月29日收住北京协和医院老年医学科。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：探讨模板引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检的准确性和安全性。 方法 回顾性分析我中心2004年11月至2018年1月共5379例前列腺穿刺活检患者临床资料。年龄14～89岁，平均68.1岁；血清tPSA 0.03～5000.00ng/ml，平均11.2ng/ml。所有患者均接受经直肠超声引导下经会阴模板定位下前列腺11区穿刺活检术，分析前列腺穿刺活检阳性率及并发症。 结果 每例每区活检1～4针，共11～44针，平均19针。前列腺癌总体活检阳性率39.9%，tPSA 0～4.0、4.1～10.0、10.1～20.0、20.1～100及＞100ng/ml前列腺癌活检阳性率分别为16.6%（46/277）、25.2%（525/2057）、34.1%（573/1680）、65.9%（673/1022）及95.3%（327/343）。术后血尿42.1%，急性尿潴留2.2%，感染性休克1例，无死亡病例。 结论 经直肠超声引导下经会阴模板定位下前列腺穿刺活检准确且安全。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2019-11-15 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：减瘤性肾切除在细胞因子治疗时代一度被推荐用于体能状态良好的转移性肾细胞癌的治疗，进入靶向治疗时代后，仍是转移性肾细胞癌治疗手段的重要组成部分。近年来随着CARMENA和SURTIME两项前瞻性研究的发表，减瘤性肾切除在转移性肾细胞癌中的应用价值被重新审视。本文重点结合上述两项研究的结果以及相关思考，对减瘤性肾切除术在转移性肾细胞癌中的应用进展进行综述讨论。
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