Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-11-02
Abstract： Memory is stored in the strength changes of synaptic connections between neurons, and neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating synaptic plasticity. Neurons expressing specific types of neurotransmitters can form distinct neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems. Studies on the destabilization processes of various types of memories have revealed the important role of acetylcholine in memory destabilization triggered by the retrieval of novel associative information. The resistance of high-intensity fear memories to destabilization and reconsolidation is attributed to the activation of the noradrenergic-locus coeruleus system during the encoding process of such fear memories. Other important neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin, also exert influences on memory plasticity at different stages of memory formation. Neurotransmitters play significant roles in fear memory destabilization and reconsolidation, but these effects are typically not independent; rather, they involve interactions and mutual regulation, such as dopamine-cholinergic interactions and serotonin-glutamate interactions. Furthermore, this summary elaborates on the roles of the aforementioned neurotransmitters in memory reconsolidation and their interactions. The study of neurotransmitters at the molecular level can provide valuable insights for the investigation of interventions targeting fear memory reconsolidation. In the future, research should continue to explore the key factors and methods underlying fear memory destabilization based on the molecular mechanisms of memory destabilization and the role of neurotransmitters, to improve the clinical treatment of PTSD based on the reconsolidation intervene.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-11-01
Abstract： According to the error-driven learning theory, the mismatch between expected outcome of behavior and actual result, known as “Prediction error” or PE, is the driving factor of new learning. Prediction error differs from other types of salience, such as physical salience, surprise, or novelty, in terms of distinct periods of information processing, as well as in its relationship with memory updating. The reconsolidation interference paradigm has been shown to be effective in neutralizing conditioned fear memory in humans, where the prediction error involved in memory reactivation is required to reactivate memory for reconsolidation. In the behavioral mechanisms of PE in promoting fear memory updating, it is found that PE is a necessary but not sufficient condition of memory destabilization. Memory reactivation must include appropriate degree of PE; however, properties of the memory must be taken into account when determining the fate of memory following reactivation, which could be destabilization, extinction or limbo. In the neural mechanism of PE in fear memory updating, amygdala, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and hippocampus are found to play an important part in PE detection and computation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its subregions play a crucial role in the process of PE-initiated memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, some essential neurotransmitters in the nervous system are involved in this process, notably dopamine and glutamate. In the future, quantitative investigations based on statistical calculation models of PE need to be conducted to explore the interactions between PE and other boundary conditions on memory reconsolidation. The role of different types of salience in memory reconsolidation is also worth investigating. In addition, individual difference in PE’s role in updating fear memories must be taken into account to facilitate clinical translations. In both basic research and therapeutic intervention attempts, we feel that multidisciplinary techniques and procedures are essential for elucidating the processes underlying the involvement of PE in fear memory reconsolidation and updating.
Subjects: Materials Science >> Materials Science (General) submitted time 2023-03-31 Cooperative journals: 《腐蚀科学与防护技术》
Abstract： none
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals is a major strategic decision made by the Chinese government, which will bring extensive and profound systemic changes for the economy and society. S&T is the core driving force that supports the goal of carbon neutrality. On the basis of the related concepts of carbon neutrality, this study analyzes the strategic actions and the characteristics of technological layout of carbon neutrality in developed countries/regions and international organizations. Major countries have promoted carbon neutrality through legislative regulation, energy strategies, technology roadmaps, carbon markets and other policy actions. They focus on deploying transformative green low-carbon technologies, such as hydrogen, CCUS, renewable energy, energy storage, nuclear energy, and clean power, to seize the technological commanding heights of the future green industrial revolution. Based on the two fundamental paths of achieving carbon neutrality — “emission reduction”, “increasing sinks”, and three research directions—“building a zero-carbon energy system”, “rebuilding low-carbon industrial processes”, and “ecological carbon sequestration and increasing sinks/negative emissions”, this study puts forward 14 important scientific issues aiming to guide more than 70 key technological breakthroughs. On the basis of all findings, 6 suggestions are proposed for China’s carbon neutrality strategy and technological layout as they are (1) strengthen the top-level design and scientific planning of the action plan for carbon neutrality; (2) accelerate the construction of the technology supporting system for carbon neutrality; (3) establish a zero#2;carbon energy system and a new power system; (4) accelerate the construction of the low-carbon industrial system; (5) promote the prospective applications of negative carbon emission technologies and the ecological carbon sequestrations; (6) Enhance the application of systematic solutions in carbon neutral strategic actions.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The UK is a proponent and pioneer of carbon neutral strategic actions. In-depth analysis and comparison of the characteristics of the carbon neutral policy system between China and the UK will be of reference value for China to promote the deployment of carbon neutral actions. Based on content analysis and grounded theory method, the “3MS” analysis framework of macro-strategy, medium skeleton and micro#2;structure are designed and put forward, and the overall text and logical characteristics of its policy are summarized. Research shows that at the overall level, the UK has basically formed the policy system of “1+1+N+X” for carbon neutrality strategy, and established a strategic promotion system of “consultation, decision making, implementation and evaluation”, with an organizational structure of central coordination, institutional promotion, think tank support and private collaboration. In addition, it has well-coordinated policy networks such as legislative constraints, overall deployment, clear mission, detailed response, mutual support, and technological guidance. In contrast, China’s legislative guarantee, promotion system and think tank support are insufficient. It is suggested that the five dimensions of legal guarantee, system and mechanism, implementation path, scientific and technological innovation, and think tank support should be taken into consideration. The improvement of China's carbon peak and carbon neutral strategic policy system should be undertaken from the perspectives of different emission reduction departments, different industrial technologies, as well as government, industry, enterprise, society and other levels.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Currently, the global energy system is shifting from the absolute dominance of fossil energy to the transition of lowcarbon and multi-energy. The global energy production and consumption revolution is constantly deepening, and emerging industries and new formats continue to grow and develop. In the process of energy transformation, major developed countries take science and technology innovation as the forerunner and take system reform as the starting point. They are committed to solving major strategic problems, such as green energy and low carbon transition, multi-energy complementary coupling utilization, deep electrification, and smart energy network construction. Based on these, they can build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system, and strive for the competitive strengths of energy science and technology revolution and industrial transformation. At the same time, energy technology innovation is in a highly active period, and emerging energy technologies are accelerating at an unprecedented rate, with a number of disruptive technologies spawning. This study systematically sorts out the major strategic plannings for energy science and technology developed by major developed countries and regions, as well as analyzes the progresses and important achievements of energy technology, which can help to accurately grasp the evolving technology directions. Finally, it proposes several constructive recommendations for the development of energy science and technology in China.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The memory reconsolidation theory holds that consolidated memories can be reactivated into an unstable state again, which is called the reconsolidation process. During this period, the activated memories are susceptive to new information and therefore, the interruption of it can update or eliminate original memories. Behavioral or pharmacological interventions after memory reactivation are proved to be an effective way to extinguish fear memories and prevent relapse. The behavioral intervention, which is the so-called retrieval-extinction paradigm can eliminate conditioned fear through applying extinction training during the reconsolidation time window. The neural mechanisms of this effect, however, are still largely unknown. Based on reviewing present studies in animals and humans, we concluded the critical brain areas which were proved to be playing an important part in retrieval extinction process and their effect mechanisms, including hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Furthermore, we summarized the controversial points in theories and manipulations in order to provide insights for future explorations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： A consolidated memory trace can go back to an unstable state after reactivation and become susceptible to modulation, as long as it conforms to specific conditions. Memory reactivation serves as opening a short time window for the labile trace of memory be modified before coming into a new round of consolidation which is called the reconsolidation. It provides a transient opportunity to strengthen memories or disrupt undesired and maladaptive memories, so as to open avenues for developing a revolutionary treatment for emotional memory disorders. Behavioral intervention, however, is of especial significance in human studies as well as the clinical translation practice; and has been demonstrated as an effective way to interfere with destabilized memories. However, even in simple laboratory models, the conditions for inducing memory reconsolidation are complex, which highlights difficulties and challenges for clinical translation. We reviewed the main evidence and advances in the behavioral interference of memory reconsolidation, both in the laboratory and clinical practice. Future research can find its way to set up a more ecological experimental model to simulate the actual trauma and to build an optimal procedure to trigger and intervene memory reconsolidation. Additionally, the cooperation of studies of the neurophysiological, cellular and molecular levels is needed to deepen our understanding of the internal mechanism underlying the paradigm.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The error-driven learning theory believes that the reinforcement brought by the stimulus must be surprising or unpredictable for the individual to form learning. The mismatch between the expected consequence of behavior and the actual result, known as prediction error (PE), is the driving factor of learning, according to this theory. The Rescorla & Wagner model, the Pearce-Hall model, and the temporal difference (TD) model are the three most common models for calculating prediction error. The RW model and the TD model, in particular, have had a significant impact on the research of prediction error-driven learning and memory. Under different learning models, prediction error is classified as reward or punishment prediction error (RPE or PPE); positive or negative prediction error; and singed or unsigned prediction error (SPE or UPE). As a type of salience, PE is different from other types of saliences. Salience includes stimulus novelty, valence evaluation, stimulus rareness and other salience. Physical salience, surprise (unexpected novelty), and expected novelty are all types of novelty, but only unexpected novelty can promote dopamine release; physical salience with no direct rewards can only cause a short spike in dopamine. Prediction error, on the other hand, are mostly related to the recognition, result perception, and valence evaluation processes. A large body of work investigated the role of prediction error in the formation and updating of fear memory. Firstly, prediction error is considered to be a necessary factor in the process of fear acquisition. Negative PE is the source of successful fear extinction. Secondly, under the framework of Reconsolidation Interference of conditioned fear memory, prediction error is demonstrated as a necessary condition of memory destabilization. Prediction error plays a key role in fear memory reconsolidation: (1) PE during memory reactivation is an important boundary condition for memory destabilization; (2) PE is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the triggering of reconsolidation. The degree of prediction error determines whether or not the memory can become unstable. PE's role in memory updating has progressed from a qualitative to a quantitative examination, which has become an important measure of such research development; (3) The size of PE required for memory destabilization is proportional to the memory’s original strength. Thus, it is critical to take both sides into account when evaluating a retrieval manipulation. We propose an integrated model of retrieval boundary conditions and memory features for the reconsolidation of fear memories based on these studies and previous models. However, until recently, the neural mechanism underlying the involvement of prediction error in fear memory update has remained largely elusive. Recent work has revealed the brain areas involved mainly include the amygdala, ventrolateral peri-aqueduct gray matter (vlPAG), hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC, in particular, is a distinct area that may distinguish the fear extinguish with or without reconsolidation. While a range of neurotransmitters are linked to the role of PE in memory destabilization in terms of neuromodulation in brain circuits, the most significant of which is dopaminergic. However, glutamate’s participation in the same process is also worth mentioning. We propose that in the future direction of the research on fear memory updating, further exploration should be made on quantitative research based on the PE calculation model, integrating the interaction between PE and other boundary conditions, and investigating the role of different types of saliences in memory reconsolidation. Importantly, multidisciplinary methods are urgently need to be used to investigate the neural and molecular mechanisms of PE's role in fear memory renewal. Individual differences in the effects of PE, on the other hand, must be investigated in order to facilitate the translation of studies from bench to bedside.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Under the framework of Reconsolidation Interference of conditioned fear memory, Prediction Error (PE) has been demonstrated as a necessary condition of memory destabilization. However, the role of PE in destabilizing fear memories of different strengths is unclear. The degree of PE that is needed to effectively reactivate fear memories may be dependent on the strength of memory. It is unknown whether the PE used to reactivate weak memories is also effective in destabilizing stronger memories. Memory strength was proved to be an important boundary condition of memory reconsolidation; however, explorations of solutions to overcome the boundary are rare. Among factors that are possible to help to overcome the boundary condition, the effects of stress hormones are worth exploring. However, the manipulation of memory strength in human laboratory studies has not been well developed. Thus, the present study has three main aims: (1) to test the effect of fear memory strength in a human laboratory setting based on previous results in animal studies; (2) to examine the effect of PE during reactivation on destabilizing different strength memories and (3) to test the possible influence of post-reactivation exogenous stress to the retrieval-extinction of fear memories. These results indicate that PE used to destabilize weak memories is insufficient to destabilize strong memories; and that post-reactivation acute stress cannot nullify this deficit which is due to boundary conditions (e.g., strength). We discuss possible interpretations of these results and the implications for the translation of retrieval-extinction to clinical practice. The three days retrieval-extinction paradigm was adopted in the present study. We manipulated memory strength through two kinds of acquisition procedures on the first day, which varied the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurrence after the conditioned stimulus (CS). Twenty-four hours later, a reminder containing a single PE was used to reactivate memories, which was followed by a stress task (Social Evaluate Cold Pressor test, SECPT) or not before extinction. After 24 hours, a test of spontaneous recovery and reinstatement was utilized to measure the return of fear in each condition. All participants were divided into three conditions: CS-Predictable US_no Stress Group, CS-Unpredictable US_no Stress Group and the CS-Unpredictable US_Stress Group. Skin conductance response (SCR) and fear-potentiated startle response (FPS) were used as measurements of conditioned fear. The results showed that there was a relatively stronger increase in fear response (SCR) from Day 1 to Day 2 in the CS-Unpredictable US condition than the CS-Predictable US condition, which may suggest a difference in memory strength between conditions. And for the weak fear memory (CS-predictable US), the reactivation that involved a single PE and was followed by extinction training prevented the spontaneous recovery, especially on the SCR measurement. On the other hand, in the enhanced memory condition (CS-unpredictable US), the extinguished memory returned in the memory test on the third day, which suggests a failure of memory destabilization. Furthermore, when the post-reactivation acute stress task was adopted in the enhanced memory condition, the return of fear further increased, compared with the no stress manipulation conditions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： For nearly half a century, the memory reconsolidation theory, which believes that even memories that have been consolidated would be reactivated during the retrieval process and temporarily return to an unstable state, has been continuously developed. Based on this understanding, the researchers proposed the retrieval-extinction paradigm. That is, after successfully learning the pairing rule between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US), the original memory was un-stabilized by presenting a single CS, and then traditional extinction training was performed. This paradigm has been proven in some studies to weaken the expression of non-adaptive fear memory effectively. However, other studies have reached different results, indicating that this paradigm failed to suppress the fear recovery. Current research mainly focused on the boundary conditions of memory conditions and retrieval conditions to explain the difference between studies, such as prediction error, acquisition time, the intensity of acquisition, and individual differences. Gender difference, as an essential variable of individual differences, is an influential factor in the study of boundary conditions. In the standard extinction paradigm, research has concluded that women easily acquire fear memory but that such fear memory is more difficult to extinct than that in men. However, it is relatively rare to explore gender differences in the research of the retrieval-extinction paradigm. Therefore, this study considered gender as a variable, using geometric figures as CS, wrist electric shock as the US, and skin conductance response as an indicator of fear response, to explore whether there is a gender difference in the fear extinction effect. The results showed no gender difference in the spontaneous fear recovery of the retrieval-extinction paradigm because all subjects successfully suppressed the spontaneous fear recovery. Nevertheless, there was a significant gender difference in the reinstatement test, in which men showed increased skin conductance responses (SCR), whereas women did not show any increased SCR. Besides, there were gender differences in the spontaneous fear recovery and reinstatement test of the standard extinction paradigm. After training by this paradigm, women showed increased SCR in spontaneously fear recovery and a tendency to fear generalization. In contrast, men showed suppressed spontaneous fear recovery but showed increased SCR in the reinstatement test. Our study proved a gender difference in the extinction effect of the retrieval-extinction paradigm (women showed the best extinction effect) and verified that the extinction effect of the retrieval-extinction paradigm was better than that of the standard extinction paradigm. From the results, we could demonstrate that the retrieval-extinction paradigm is an effective intervention method, especially for women. It will be beneficial to further verify evidence about the effectiveness of the retrieval-extinction paradigm and clarify its object and scope in clinical applications. Our study suggests that the retrieval-extinction paradigm in clinical transformation needs to provide more personalized treatment plans for male and female patients, thus improving clinical applicability and treatment effectiveness.
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-02-05
Abstract： Under the framework of Reconsolidation Interference of conditioned fear memory, Prediction Error (PE) is demonstrated as a necessary condition of memory destabilization. However, the role of PE in destabilizing fear memories of different strength is unclear. The degree of PE that is needed to effectively reactivate fear memory may be changeable according to the strength of memory. It is unknown whether the PE used to reactivate weak memories is still valid in retrieving enhanced memories. Besides, explorations of possible solutions are rare if strong memories are resistant to undergoing reconsolidation. Among factors that are possible to help to overcome the boundary condition, the effects of stress hormone are worth exploring. However, the manipulation of fear strength in human studies in the laboratory has not been well developed. Thus, the present study has three main aims: (1) based on previous results in animal studies, we tested the effect of fear memory strength manipulation in the laboratory settings in humans; (2) to examine the effect of PE during reactivation on destabilizing different strength memories and (3) to test the possible influence of post-reactivation exogenous stress to the retrieval-extinction of fear memories. The three days retrieval-extinction paradigm was adopted in the present study. We manipulated the memory strength through two kinds of acquisition procedures on the first day, which varied the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurrence after the conditioned stimulus (CS). 24 hours later, a reminder contained a single PE was used to reactivate memories, then followed by a stress task (Social Evaluate Cold Pressor test, SECPT) or not before extinction. After 24 hours, a test of spontaneous recovery and reinstatement was utilized to measure the return of fear in each condition. All participants were divided into three conditions: CS-Predictable US_no Stress Group, CS-Unpredictable US_no Stress Group and the CS-Unpredictable US_Stress Group. The skin conductance response (SCR) and fear-potentiated startle response (FPS) were used as measurements of conditioned fear. The results showed that there was a relatively higher increase in fear response (SCR) from Day 1 to Day 2 in the CS-Unpredictable US condition than the CS-Predictable US condition, which may suggest the difference of memory strength among conditions. And for the weak fear memory (CS-predictable US), the reactivation that contained single PE and followed by extinction training can prevent the spontaneous recovery, especially on the SCR measurement. While in the enhanced memory condition (CS-unpredictable US), the extinguished memory had a distinct relapse in the memory test on the third day, which suggests the failure of memory destabilization. Furthermore, under this condition, if the acute stress task was adopted after reactivation, the return of fear would further increase, comparing with the no stress manipulation conditions. These results indicate that PE used to reactivate weak memories is insufficient to destabilize strong memories; and the post-reactivate acute stress cannot compensate this deficit caused by boundary conditions (e.g., strength). We further discussed possible interpretations of these results and the implications for the translation of retrieval-extinction to clinical practice and the cure of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2020-06-21 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：宁夏沿黄城市带是宁夏经济社会发展的精华地带，探索该区域的生态环境问题对宁夏沿黄城市带建设意义重大。本文基于2002—2018年的MODIS遥感数据，利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Sen’s斜率估计、景观格局分析、偏相关分析以及残差趋势分析方法，研究了该区域植被覆盖状况的时空演变过程及趋势。结果表明：2002—2018年宁夏沿黄城市带约44.91%区域的植被覆盖度显著增加，约1.31%区域的植被覆盖度显著减少，约53.78%区域的植被覆盖度变化不显著；宁夏沿黄城市带植被覆盖度变化与气温具有较强的负相关性，与降水具有较强的正相关性；宁夏沿黄城市带81.40%的区域人为因素对植被覆盖度多年变化趋势的贡献率大于50%，有约24%的区域气候因素对植被覆盖度多年变化趋势的贡献率大于50%。
Subjects: Geosciences >> Other Disciplines of Geosciences submitted time 2019-09-09 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract： 为了揭示中亚高山地区大气降水稳定同位素的时空分布特征，开展不同尺度下干旱区水文循环的研究，分析了亚洲中部天山、昆仑山、祁连山地区18个站点的降水氢氧稳定同位素资料。结果表明：天山、昆仑山和祁连山地区降水稳定同位素季节变化较为明显，表现出夏半年高、冬半年低的变化趋势。3个地区降水稳定同位素的空间分布也呈现出显著的季节差异。除昆仑山外，天山和祁连山大气降水线方程的斜率均低于全球大气降水线，说明这些地区的降水受到较强的蒸发影响。研究区各站点降水稳定同位素均呈显著的温度效应，区域内降水量效应不明显。春、夏季昆仑山地区3站点的降水δ18O高程效应较明显，降水δ18O随海拔上升而降低，其余地区没有明显的高程效应。除昆仑山地区西合休外，亚洲高山地区氘盈余(d值)总体表现出冬半年高，夏半年低的变化趋势。
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Resource Sciences >> Basic Disciplines of Environmental Science and Technology submitted time 2019-06-13 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》
Abstract：基于典型高寒内陆河——提孜那甫河流域的6个不同海拔自设气象站的2012—2016年气温数据，分析了该地区不同海拔区域近地表气温的时间变化特征和空间变异特征。结果表明：（1） 低、中、高山区均温均可被sine函数高度拟合（R2>87%），且随海拔增高气温波动减弱，时间变化延迟，气温变幅差异减小。（2） 日均温与月均温最低值出现月份不同步，且这一情况在海拔相对较高区更易出现。（3） 年内尺度不同区域气温空间差异：D1区（麻扎—库地）在秋、冬季最大；D3区（库地达坂—西合休）在春、夏、秋最小；D4区（西合休/库地达坂—莫木克）在夏季最大，冬季最小；D5区（莫木克—江卡）在春季最大，相关分析结果表明：气温空间分异受海拔影响大。研究结果将对提高高寒山区气候特征认知及改善冰雪水循环模拟具有重要促进意义。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2018-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract：目的评估不同麻醉与多模式镇痛在开腹胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS)策略中的安全性与有效性。方法采用回顾性队列研究，收集2016年3月至2018年4月北京协和医院39例PD患者的临床资料，其中19例采用ERAS治疗方案(ERAS组)，20例采用常规治疗方案(对照组)，比较两组患者术中血流动力学相关指标、外周组织灌注情况及麻醉相关术后早期恢复指标、住院时间、ICU停留时间、住院费用的差异。结果ERAS组患者术中阿片药用量、出室前血气乳酸浓度显著低于对照组(P均0. 05 )。结论应用本研究手术麻醉与多模式镇痛策略可有效减轻PD患者的手术应激、减少阿片药用量、促进术后早期恢复、缩短住院时间、降低住院费用
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-04-18 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Memories with a strong fear emotional connotation play a pathogenic role in a variety of emotional disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorder and phobia. So how to fundamentally eliminate the acquired fear memory and prevent relapse has been the difficulties of clinical treatment. The retrieval extinction paradigm, which is based on the memory reconsolidation theory, was demonstrated an effective and promising way in eliminating undesired memories. The key of this paradigm is how to retrieve fear memory to undergo reconsolidation, which makes the memory fragile and labile. Research has shown that when a mismatch between what is expected based on previous experiences and the actual state of events at retrieval, the prediction error will occur so that the memory will undergo reconsolidation. In the present study, we change CS-US (conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus) matching rules during the retrieval to manipulate the conditions of PE to explore whether the amount of PE is a crucial factor to open reconsolidation window. In the current study, two tones and four colored figures were used, one of the tones and two of the figures (CS+) were paired with a mild shock to the wrist (US) on 50% of the trails, while the other figures and tones were never paired with shock (CS−). the skin conductance response (SCR) was the measure of fear. Four groups of participants were fear conditioned on day1 using a 50% reinforcement schedule, in such a way that they could expect the CS to be followed by shock every other trial. During memory reactivation on day2, participants received one unreinforced CS+ (No PE group), two unreinforced CS+ (Negative PE group), two reinforced CS+ (Positive PE group) and four unreinforced CS+ (Multiple PE group) respectively, following extinction training. On day3, participants took part in tests of spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of fear through re-extinction and regaining. The results showed that the SCR was not significantly different among the four groups in the fear conditioning of the first day and extinction of the second day. However, on the third day, No PE group and Multiple PE group showed increased SCR in spontaneous fear recovery and reinstatement test, whereas Negative PE group and Positive PE group did not show any significant increased SCR in spontaneous fear recovery or reinstatement. Our study provided further evidence that the behavioral interference during reconsolidation (retrieval-extinction) can effectively eliminate fear and block fear relapse under certain circumstances. According to the results, we demonstrate that the prediction error is a necessary condition of initiating reconsolidation and a lack of prediction error during retrieval will leave the memory trace in an inactive state. Additionally, the amount of PE is a crucial factor and too much prediction error will cause failure. It is inferred that a limited degree of mismatch between the memory and events at the time of retrieval will induce memory destabilization.
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-11 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：家禽卵巢中颗粒细胞在卵泡发育和闭锁中起着重要作用，包括信号传递、营养供给以及离子平衡等。卵泡颗粒细胞的增殖与分化自身也受到生殖激素和细胞因子的综合调节,其作用机制是当前研究热点。家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的体外培养可作为研究繁殖生理调节的理想细胞模型。本文对家禽卵泡颗粒细胞的体外培养研究现状及颗粒细胞在卵泡生长发育和闭锁中的作用进行简要概述，并总结了原代颗粒细胞体外培养模型的建立方法。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-10 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究饲粮叶酸添加水平对山麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、生殖器官及血浆生殖激素指标的影响，以确定产蛋期（18~32周龄）山麻鸭FA的需要量。试验选用16周龄的山麻鸭360只，随机分成6个组，每个组5个重复，每个重复12只，单笼饲养。试验蛋鸭饲喂不添加FA的基础饲粮2周后，分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 mg/kg FA的试验饲粮，试验期15周。结果表明：1）饲粮FA添加水平对产蛋初期、产蛋高峰期和试验全期的蛋鸭产蛋性能指标无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高，蛋壳相对重和蛋壳厚度先升高后下降，1.0 mg/kg FA添加组的蛋壳相对重显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。3）随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高，优势卵泡重、优势卵泡重/卵巢重先升高后降低，饲粮FA添加水平对优势卵泡重和优势卵泡重/卵巢重有显著影响（P<0.05），以4.0mg/kg叶酸添加组最高。4）随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高，血浆孕酮浓度先升高后下降，其中2.0 mg/kg FA添加组血浆孕酮浓度最高；8.0 mg/kg FA添加组血浆促黄体生成素浓度显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。由此可见，在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加FA在一定程度上有利于促进优势卵泡的发育，但未能显著影响山麻鸭的产蛋性能。仅考虑产蛋性能，玉米-豆粕型饲粮中不需添加叶酸；以蛋壳相对重和蛋壳厚度为评价指标，建议玉米-豆粕型饲粮叶酸适宜添加水平为1.0 mg/kg。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-10 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在通过研究饲粮中不同色氨酸水平对蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、机体抗氧化指标和屠宰指标的影响，拟合出蛋鸭产蛋期色氨酸适宜需要量。选取120日龄山麻鸭900只，随机分为6个组，每个组6个重复，每个重复25只。各组蛋鸭分别饲喂色氨酸水平为0.12%、0.16%、0.20%、0.24%、0.28%、0.32%的试验饲粮，试验期20周。结果表明：1）饲粮色氨酸水平对蛋鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、料蛋比等无显著影响（P>0.05），但0.20%组在数值上表现出最高的产蛋率和日产蛋重。饲粮色氨酸水平对蛋壳强度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重、蛋黄比例、蛋壳重量、蛋壳比例、蛋壳厚度等蛋品质指标无显著影响（P>0.05），但显著影响蛋黄色泽（P0.05）。3）饲粮色氨酸水平对蛋鸭血清和肝脏抗氧化指标（除肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶）均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）饲粮色氨酸水平对输卵管重量、输卵管长度、卵巢重量无显著影响（P>0.05）。根据折线模型拟合得出：饲粮色氨酸水平为0.20%时可满足产蛋高峰期蛋鸭营养需要。
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