Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-03-26 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background The level and quality of diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori（Hp）infections in Shanghai's community health service Institutions is unclear，and there is a lack of systematic evaluation and monitoring. Objective To understand the current status of diagnosis，treatment and management of Helicobacter pylori（Hp）infection in community health centers in Shanghai，to evaluate the quality of diagnosis and treatment，and to explore the problems and improvement measures. Method A questionnaire was distributed to a total of 249 community health centers in 16 administrative districts of Shanghai and 3 875 general practitioners（GPs）working in the community health centers from May to June 2022 to investigate the standardization of prescriptions for the eradication of Hp infections in the community health centers，the detection of Hp infections，the provision of drugs for the eradication of Hp infections，the management of Hp infections，the difficulties of Hp infections in the treatment of Hp infections，as well as the knowledge of community-based GPs on the diagnosis and treatment of Hp infections. Result The result of the prescription eradication program for Hp infection in primary health care facilities in Shanghai was only 32.0 percent correct. The proportion of health service centers with the ability to conduct Hp infection testing in primary healthcare institutions in Shanghai is high，nearly 80%. Most of the community health service centers were able to equip the basic medicines needed for the eradication of Hp，but the rate of bismuth equipment was low，54.6%. The rate of Hp diagnosis and treatment standard supervision was 80.0%. The demand for the training of standardized diagnosis and treatment of Hp infections was high，accounting for 66.7%. The main difficulties in Hp infection diagnosis and treatment were incomplete drug provision，insufficient doctor's diagnosis and treatment ability and insufficient equipment. Community general practitioners do not have enough basic knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of Hp infection. Conclusion The capacity to conduct Hp testing needs to be further strengthened in primary care organizations in Shanghai，especially in remote community health service centers，including the purchase of more Hp-related testing equipment and reagents，and the completion of related medications needed for the eradication of Hp. In addition，it is necessary to further strengthen the standardized diagnosis and treatment training of Hp infection for community health centers，improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of general practitioners on Hp infection，and at the same time，strengthen the supervision of Hp diagnosis and treatment standardization，so as to further improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of community general practitioners on Hp infection.
Subjects: Physics >> Nuclear Physics submitted time 2024-03-11
Abstract： Fusion triple product represents a crucial parameter for evaluating the potential of self-sustained fusion nuclear reactions. It employs the product of three physical properties: the fuel nuclei number density ($n$), plasma confinement time ($τ_ mathrm{E}$) and fuel temperature ($T$) to establish a condition for assessing the feasibility of achieving self-sustained nuclear fusion. This study considers a fusion reaction system using $^{6}$Li-D as nuclear fuel, neglects cyclotron radiation, incorporates the impact of relativistic effects on bremsstrahlung radiation and the impact of recycled energy on the energy gain factor $Q$. Based on this foundation, the minimum triple product ($n_ mathrm{i}Tτ_ mathrm{E}$= SI{4.9e23}{ per cubic meter kilo electronvolt second}) is calculated for the $^{6}$Li-D reaction to yield energy gain of Q=1. These results show that although the $^{6}$Li-D fusion reaction can achieve a positive energy gain but the condition required for the $^6$Li-D fusion reaction is more difficult than the D-T fusion reaction.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-12-05
Abstract： To establish a stable and sensitive experience of the world, the brain tends to use recent history when forming perceptual decisions. This results in serial dependence in perception, by which previous trials affect the current perception. The serial dependence effect can be divided into (at least) two categories: the effect of previous stimuli (i.e., the stimulus serial dependence effect) and the effect of previous decisions (i.e., the decisional serial dependence effect) on the current perception. Although separate stimulus and decisional serial dependence effects have been demonstrated in duration perception, their spatial selectivity is unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether and how serial dependence in duration perception generalizes across different visual positions of stimuli.
The modified temporal bisection task was used in three experiments. Specifically, 24 naïve volunteers participated in Experiment 1. During the experiment, the visual stimulus (a white Gaussian blob) was pseudorandomly presented in the central or peripheral (10° from the left fixation) visual field. Participants were asked to judge whether the duration of the test stimulus (i.e., 300, 395, 520, 684, or 900 ms) was shorter or longer than a reference stimulus of intermediate duration (i.e., 520 ms) once the test stimulus disappeared. A group of 23 new volunteers were recruited for Experiment 2. The task of Experiment 2 was similar to that of Experiment 1, except that the visual stimulus was pseudorandomly located at either 5° to the left or 5° to the right of the central fixation. A new set of 24 volunteers participated in Experiment 3, in which the positions of both the fixation and the visual stimulus were changed; there were thus four types of positional relationships between stimuli across trials (i.e., identity, retinal position change, external position change, and both changes).
The results showed that previous stimulus duration and previous choice exerted opposing effects on serial dependence of duration perception: specifically, a repulsive stimulus serial dependence and an attractive decisional serial dependence. In other words, current duration estimates were repelled away from the previous trial’s stimulus duration but attracted toward the previous choice. We found these effects in both the central and peripheral visual fields. More importantly, we found that the stimulus serial dependence effect was not constrained by the visual position of the stimuli: the effects were comparable between contexts in which the stimulus positions of previous and current trials were the same and when they were different. The effects fully transferred across the central and peripheral visual fields, across the left and right visual hemifields, and across different external spaces. However, we found that the decisional serial dependence effect was larger in the position-consistent context than in the position-inconsistent context. This indicates that the decisional serial dependence effect could only be partially transferred across different visual positions regardless of the types of positions (i.e., spatiotopic vs. retinotopic).
These results provide evidence that both previous stimuli duration and previous choices affect subsequent perceptual decisions about duration, resulting in repulsive and attractive serial dependence effects, respectively. The repulsive stimulus serial dependence effect fully generalizes across different visual positions, suggesting it occurs primarily in higher-level visual areas. This also implies the existence of fast-duration adaptation. The attractive decisional serial dependence effect suggests that there is decision inertia in perceptual choices. Moreover, this effect is partly contingent on the visual position, which may result from the category organization function of higher-order brain areas. This suggests that the brain takes advantage of the visual position context when forming the decisional prior. These findings are helpful for understanding the plasticity of duration perception.
Subjects: Statistics >> Social Statistics submitted time 2023-12-04 Cooperative journals: 《智慧农业（中英文）》
Abstract： Objective JUNCAO, a perennial herbaceous plant that can be used as medium for cultivating edible and medicinal fungi. It has im‐portant value for promotion, but the problem of overwintering needs to be overcome when planting in the temperate zone. Low-temperature stress can adversely impact the growth of JUNCAO plants. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a degradation product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxides, which can serve as a useful diagnostic indicator for studying plant growth dynamics. Because the more severe the damage caused by low temperature stress on plants, the higher their MDA content. Therefore, the detection of MDA content can provide instruct for low-temperature stress diagnosis and JUNCAO plants breeding. With the development of optical sensors and machine learning technologies, visible/near-infrared spectroscopy technology combined with algorithmic models has great potential in rapid, non-destructive and high-throughput inversion of MDA content and evaluation of JUNCAO growth dynamics. Methods In this research, six varieties of JUNCAO plants were selected as experimental subjects. They were divided into a control group planted at ambient temperature (28°C) and a stress group planted at low temperature (4°C). The hyperspectral reflectances of JUNCAO seedling leaves during the seedling stage were collected using an ASD spectroradiomete and a near-infrared spectrometer, and then the leaf physiological indicators were measured to obtain leaf MDA content. Machine learning methods were used to establish the MDA content inversion models based on the collected spectral reflectance data. To enhance the prediction accuracy of the model, an improved one-dimensional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCAGN ) was proposed to increase the sample size of the training set. Firstly, the original samples were divided into a training set (96 samples) and a prediction set (48 samples) using the Kennard stone (KS) algorithm at a ratio of 2:1. Secondly, the 96 training set samples were generated through the DCGAN model, resulting in a total of 384 pseudo samples that were 4 times larger than the training set. The pseudo samples were randomly shuffled and sequentially added to the training set to form an enhanced modeling set. Finally, the MDA quantitative detection models were established based on random forest (RF), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms. By comparing the prediction accuracies of the three models after increasing the sample size of the training set, the best MDA regression detection model of JUNCAO was obtained. Results and Discussions (1) The MDA content of the six varieties of JUNCAO plants ranged from 12.1988 to 36.7918 nmol/g. Notably, the MDA content of JUNCAO under low-temperature stress was remarkably increased compared to the control group with significant differences (P<0.05). Moreover, the visible/near-infrared spectral reflectance in the stressed group also exhibited an increasing trend compared to the control group. (2) Samples generated by the DCAGN model conformed to the distribution patterns of the original samples. The spectral curves of the generated samples retained the shape and trends of the original data. The corresponding MDA contented of generated samples consistently falling within the range of the original samples, with the average and standard deviation only decreased by 0.6650 and 0.9743 nmol/g, respectively. (3) Prior to the inclusion of generated samples, the detection performance of the three models differed significantly, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.6967 for RF model, that of 0.6729 for CNN model, and that of 0.5298 for the PLSR model. After the introduction of generated samples, as the number of samples increased, all three models exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease in R2 on the prediction set, while the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) first decreased and then increased. (4) The prediction results of the three regression models indicated that augmenting the sample size by using DCGAN could effectively enhance the prediction performance of models. Particularly, utilizing DCGAN in combination with the RF model achieved the optimal MDA content detection performance, with the R2 of 0.7922 and the RMSEP of 2.1937. Conclusions Under low temperature stress, the MDA content and spectral reflectance of the six varieties of JUNCAO leaves significantly increased compared to the control group, which might due to the damage of leaf pigments and tissue structure, and the decrease in leaf water content. Augmenting the sample size using DCGAN effectively enhanced the reliability and detection accuracy of the models. This improvement was evident across different regression models, illustrating the robust generalization capabilities of this DCGAN deep learning network. Specifically, the combination of DCGAN and RF model achieved optimal MDA content detection performance, as expanding to a sufficient sample dataset contributed to improve the modeling accuracy and stability. This research provides valuable insights for JUNCAO plants breeding and the diagnosis of low-temperature stress based on spectral technology and machine learning methods, offering a scientific basis for achieving high, stable, and efficient utilization of JUNCAO plants.
Subjects: Digital Publishing >> New Media submitted time 2023-10-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国传媒科技》
Abstract：各类互联网及新兴网络技术的发展,在提升人们生活质量水平的同时,也给人们的日常生活带来更多便捷。媒体形式的转变也正在潜移默化的转变人们的思维方式,不断改善人们的日常生活习惯。人们通过多样化的信息渠道,寻求到自己所需信息,从而强化用户的主体地位。纵观当代新媒体发展趋势,由最初传统的PC端互联网渠道开始转变为多样化的网络社交平台,再到如今各类短视频行业的快速发展。视频化已经成为新媒体背景下主流的传播方式。通过分析新媒体视频化发展现状以及其所暴露的问题,使新媒体视频化融合发展趋势也逐渐清晰。
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Library Science submitted time 2023-10-08 Cooperative journals: 《知识管理论坛》
Abstract： [Purpose/Significance] Starting from the current situation of the construction of local celebrity literature resources, this paper explored the knowledge organization and association scheme of local celebrities’ multi-source heterogeneous resources from the perspective of Digital Humanities, so as to provide reference for GLAM institutions to carry out local celebrity knowledge management and services. [Method/Process] Referring to the relevant development ideas of celebrity resources at home and abroad, this paper put forward a set of local celebrity resource knowledge organization scheme, which includes four steps: content sorting of heterogeneous document resources, ontology construction of local celebrity resources, relationship fusion between entities and entities, and knowledge application of local celebrity resources. Combined with the characteristics of local celebrity resource and the character resource description framework, the local celebrity resource ontology model CLO is built. [Result/Conclusion] Relying on Tian Mingyu, a poet in Western Hunan, and his manuscript “Diary of study hard”, the knowledge organization and correlation disclosure of local celebrity and his diary works are realized according to the organization steps and protégé tools, which verified the feasibility and operability of this set of organization scheme. While broadening the perspective of local literature development, this paper also provided reference for the construction of celebrity knowledge base and the development of characteristic humanistic services in ethnic areas.
Subjects: Physics >> Nuclear Physics submitted time 2023-09-04 Cooperative journals: 《核技术》
Abstract： Supernovae are the most gorgeous fireworks that people can observe in the universe. Their explosion can produce a maximum luminosity 10 billion times that of the Sun, helping scientists see farther. Type Ia supernovae can be used as a standard candle to facilitate measurement of the distance between galaxies in the universe. A supernova explosion will also propel a large number of heavy elements into interstellar space, which is a major driving force for the chemical evolution of galaxies. In addition, supernovae are crucial to the origin of elements in the Milky Way, the formation of the structure of the solar system, and the evolution of life on the Earth. The study of supernovae will further enrich our understanding of the universe and help us solve the mysteries of the expansion of the universe, the generation of heavy elements, and the origin of life. At present, scientists predict that the next supernova will explode at any time, and preparations are in progress for observing the coming supernova.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Library Science submitted time 2023-07-26 Cooperative journals: 《图书情报工作》
Abstract： [Purpose/significance] For now, the construction of domestic citation database had already begun to take shape. In the development of citation knowledge services, the current organization and retrieval methods of scientific literature resources make the current citation knowledge service model unable to reveal the structure or relationship between citations, which caused difficulties for the acquisition, sharing and utilization of citations.[Method/process] This paper took citation data as the research object, acquired and sorted all kinds of knowledge and explored the semantic relationship between citations. Two ontology named "scientific researcher ontology" and "citation knowledge ontology" were constructed, and an ontology-based citation knowledge service prototype system was designed and implemented.[Result/conclusion] Conducts empirical research on the construction of ontology-based citation knowledge service system, The result proves that the ontology-based citation knowledge service system has the expected goals and functions.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2023-07-11
Abstract： Time and money are two important resource types. Individuals’ green consumption behavior is inevitably affected by these two resources in cognitive thinking and decision-making. However, the underlying mechanism of how resource type affects green consumption is still unclear. The present study introduces time and money into the field of green consumption. On the one hand, based on construal level theory and human value, it reveals how time resources promote green consumption and how money resources decrease green consumption. On the other hand, from the perspective of individuals, enterprises, and products, it combines experiments to explore the boundary conditions of time and money affecting green consumption. It further introduces emotional response level, environmental self-responsibility, and product effectiveness perception as mediating factors to build a theoretical framework of the impact of resource type on green consumption. These studies not only explore the positive role of time and money resources in promoting green consumption, but also provide new ideas for companies to use resource type to guide green consumption.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Information Science submitted time 2023-04-01 Cooperative journals: 《图书情报工作》
Abstract： [Purpose/significance] By discussing the practical scheme of library emergency resource services under the background of public health emergencies, it provides a feasible reference scheme for libraries when dealing with emergency incidents, which improves the librarians' emergency handling capabilities, and further improves resource construction strategies.[Method/process] Taking the practice of resource services of the Library of Beijing Municipal Party Committee School as an example, considering from the perspective of the current situation and shortcomings of emergency resource services in existing libraries, the remote collaboration and cooperation model of librarian teams, strategy formulation, design and implementation of emergency service practices and other aspects, it comprehensively analyzed the exploration and practice process of library emergency resource services under public health emergencies, and proposed several problems and suggestions.[Result/conclusion] Based on the needs of users in public health emergencies, the Library of Beijing Municipal Party Committee School has constructed multiple emergency resource service cases based on the current region, effectively improving the librarians' information literacy in health emergencies Ability to drive the further development of library resource construction。
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-03-31
Abstract： Persistence, a personality to finish what one starts even when faced with obstacles, is one of the most important personalities for human beings to achieve their goals and objectives. Although most persistence studies have discovered the significant influence persistence has on the individual level, extant research on persistence is incomplete because whether persistence varies on the regional level is still unknown. However, recent research has indicated that personalities vary systematically across regions, and correlate significantly with macro indexes on the regional level. To address this literature gap, we argue that persistence varies across Chinese provinces, and develop and validate a province-level persistence index (PPI) to quantify such provincial variations. We also try to explore the province-level antecedents and consequences of provincial variations in persistence. We used the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) as our main data source for the development of province-level persistence index. CGSS measured participant’s persistence in 2008 and 2011. A high correlation between the province-level persistence index in 2008 and in 2011 allowed us to combine data from the two years. Therefore, the final sample included 11,330 participants (6,006 were female) from 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. In the CGSS, the persistence scale was consisted of three items. We first carried out a survey on Credamo.com to validate the persistence scale in CGSS, the sample of which included 286 participants (142 were female). We also used data from National Bureau of Statistics of China, CSMAR, etc. as the data sources of antecedent and outcome variables of persistence. We used STATA 15 to analyze the data. Results showed that the three-item measure of persistence in CGSS is reliable and valid and the persistence data from CGSS is suitable for aggregation. In general, persistence does vary systematically across Chinese provinces and the PPI we developed is significantly related to antecedent and outcome variables documented in the existing research. Specifically, the harshness of the natural environment (coldness, air pollution and agricultural disasters), cultural values of masculinity and collectivism are positively related to PPI. Moreover, PPI is positively related to political (local government officials’performance orientation and effort allocation distortion), economic (economic development quality, industrial structure upgrade and foreign investment introduction), social (education attainment, income, and well-being of the residents) and innovative and entrepreneurial (patent authorization, company incubation) outcomes, even after controlling for provincial GDP and year fixed effect. The current study demonstrates the systematic difference in persistence across Chinese provinces, extends individual level research on persistence to macro regional level, and develops province-level persistence indexes to provide an important tool for future research dealing with regional differences. We also systematically explored antecedents of provincial variations in persistence, and its influences on province-level macro metrics, offering a perspective of macro-micro intersection. Furthermore, we provide new references for government’s development policy making and companies’ branch management.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Need for cognitive closure is referred to describe an individual’s epistemic motivation to form a firm answer to a question under uncertain circumstances. In the era of information explosion, the cognitive load of individuals has been rapidly increasing. Therefore, in-depth research of NFCC is of great importance in modern times. Diving into the conceptual structure and measurements of NFCC, along with related research over the past thirty years in areas including personality, information processing, decision making, attitudes, beliefs, and mental health, this article proposes that distinguishing ability from motivation is of necessity. Furthermore, this article urges future researchers to conduct empirical study on NFCC in terms of the in-depth discussion of its concept, dimension, measurements and antecedents.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Thriving at work is a psychological state in which individuals experience both the sense of vitality and learning at work. The contextual enablers, such as leadership, organizational support and fairness, job characteristics, and peers, can facilitate thriving at work. Drawing from the Trait Activation Theory and Self-Determination Theory, the model of “psychological mechanism of organizational context affecting thriving at work” is built: “omnibus” and “discrete” contextual factors can either directly affect the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, or activate traits, then affect the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and subsequently influence thriving at work. Future studies are suggested to pay more attention to the “omnibus” context and its intermediary mechanism; to conduct the multi-level research that simultaneously examines individual and contextual variables, or articulates the social and task levels; and to utilized the dynamic research method to study the relationship between organizational context and thriving at work, and hence to predict thriving at work.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Studying basic psychological needs in a unidimensional way supplements the general framework of need satisfaction research by exploring the uniqueness of each need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, or competence satisfaction). This article reviews the theoretical basis of the psychological mechanisms (the intrinsic motivation and the internalization of extrinsic motivation) and the research status quo of the need satisfaction successively from three unidimensional perspectives, i.e., the additive, synergistic and balanced perspectives. Notably, inspired by the three perspectives, the article provides insights for the “limited interchangeability” of each need satisfaction’s influence on individuals’ psychological functioning. Future studies may keep digging the need satisfactions from the three unidimensional perspectives, and explore the compensatory association among the three need satisfactions, the neurological basis of each need satisfaction, and the basic psychological need frustrations in a unidimensional way.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Time, is the basic element of personal life and work experience, everywhere. At present, most of the existing literature in the field of organizational behavior explores the relationship between variables from a static perspective, that is, mainly focuses on overall variable levels over a period of time. This is because these studies are based on a mainstream assumption, that is, the overall variable levels are relatively stable. While the role of time, such as the dynamic characteristics of variables over a period of time, has been largely neglected. This widely adopted static perspective that neglects the role of time keeps the existing theory of organizational behavior “static” to a certain extent. Over time, whether and how the overall variable levels change, and how and when the variables that change over time have an effect, the exploration of these issues provides a new perspective on existing research, which in turn expands traditional management theories. As more and more recent studies in recent years have taken the role of time into consideration in the discussion of theoretical models, researchers have gradually discovered that paying attention to the dynamic characteristics of variables from a dynamic perspective can increase explanatory effectiveness than exploring the impact of overall variable levels. Based on this approach, the construction methods of traditional management theories, the relationship between variables, and even the propositions derived from traditional theories have also changed. Taking the role of time into consideration, that is, focusing on the dynamic characteristics of variables and exploring their antecedents and outcomes from a dynamic perspective, existing research can better “provide an ontologically accurate description of the nature of a phenomenon” (George & Jones, 2000, p. 658). In line with this approach, in recent years, some scholars have begun to focus on the role of time and to explore the dynamic characteristics of variables. However, in general, this type of research is still quite rare and disorganized in different fields, and has not yet formed a structured system. Based on this, this review focused on the literature that has taken the role of time into consideration in recent years and explored the dynamic characteristics of variables over a period of time, in order to provide inspiration for future research. Specifically, this review selected two dimensions to sort out related research: the first of the dimensions being the type of dynamic characteristics of variables (i.e., trend vs. variability). The trend reflects the change trend of the variable over a period of time, including growth and decay. In research, the slope is often used as a measure. Variability reflects the degree of (in) stability a variable has over a period of time, which is often measured by standard deviation in research. The second of the dimensions being the role of dynamic characteristics of variables in the theoretical model (i.e., independent variable vs. dependent variable). That is, the researcher can use it as an independent variable to explore its outcomes, or use it as a dependent variable to explore its antecedents. Based on these two dimensions, this review divided the relevant research into four categories: (1) Trend is the independent variable; (2) Trend is the dependent variable; (3) Variability is the independent variable; (4) Variability is the dependent variable. Based on this categorization, this review systematically reviewed the related studies and the theories applied in them. Finally, based on the above analysis, suggestions for future research are provided by taking the role of time into consideration to expand the theory of organizational behavior more comprehensively and systematically, such as paying more attention to the variability of variables, investigating trends, interactions between fluctuations and overall average levels, focusing on time, duration and other important dynamic changes, from the perspective of characteristics, etc.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Inequality is the biggest challenge for global social and economic development, which has the potential to impede the goal of global sustainable development. One way to reduce such inequality is to use artificial intelligence (AI) for decision-making. However, recent research has found that while AI is more accurate and is not influenced by personal bias, people are generally averse to AI decision-making and perceive it as being less fair. Given the theoretical and practical importance of fairness perceptions of AI decision-making, a growing number of researchers have recently begun investigating how individuals form fairness perceptions in regard to AI decision-making. However, existing research is generally quite scattered and disorganized, which has limited researchers’ and practitioners’ understanding of fairness perceptions of AI decision-making from a conceptual and systematic perspective. Thus, this review first divided the relevant research into two categories based on the type of decision makers. The first category is fairness perception research in which AI is the decision-maker. Drawn upon moral foundations theory, fairness heuristic theory, and fairness theory, these studies explain how AI characteristics (i.e., transparency, controllability, rule, and appropriateness) and individual characteristics (demographics, personalities, and values) affect individuals’ fairness perceptions. Existing research revealed that there were three main underlying cognitive mechanisms underlying the relationship between AI or individual characteristics and their fairness perceptions of AI decision-making: (a) individual characteristics and AI appropriateness affect individuals’ fairness perceptions via their moral intuition; (b) AI transparency affects individuals’ fairness perceptions via their perceived understandability; and (c) AI controllability affects individuals’ fairness perceptions via individuals’ needs fulfillment. The second category is fairness perception research that compares AI and humans as decision-makers. Based on computers are social actors (CASA) hypothesis, the algorithm reductionism perspective, and the machine heuristic model, these studies explained how individuals’ different perceptions of attributes between AI and humans (i.e., mechanistic attributes vs. societal attributes, simplified attributes vs. complex attributes, objective attributes vs. subjective attributes) affect individuals’ fairness perceptions and have revealed some inconsistent research findings. Specifically, some studies found that individuals perceive AI decision makers as being mechanical (i.e., lack of emotion and human touch) and simplified (i.e., decontextualization) than human decision makers, which leads individuals perceive that the decisions made by humans rather than AI are fairer. However, other studies found that compared to human decision makers, individuals regard AI decision makers as being more objective (i.e., consistent, neutral, and free of responsibility) than human decision makers, which leads individuals perceive that the decisions made by AI rather than human are fairer. Also, a small number of studies found that there is no significant difference in individuals’ fairness perceptions between AI decision makers and human decision makers. Such mixed findings reveal that individuals’ fairness perceptions of decision-making may be dependent on the specifical attributes of AI that individuals perceived in different contexts. Based on this systematic review, we proposed five promising directions for future research to help expand fairness perception literature in the context of AI decision-making. That is, (a) exploring the affective mechanisms underlying the relationship between AI or individual characteristics and their fairness perceptions of AI decision-making; (b) exploring the antecedents of interactional fairness perceptions of AI decision-making; (c) exploring fairness perceptions when robotic AI is the decision maker; (d) clarifying the boundary conditions when AI decision-making is considered to be fairer than human decision-making, versus when human decision-making is considered to be fairer than AI decision-making; and (e) exploring fairness perceptions when AI and humans make decisions jointly. We hope this review contribute to the understanding of individuals' fairness perceptions of AI decision-making theoretically and practically.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Trust is a crucial part of interpersonal relationships within work environments. Previous research has revealed that feeling trusted, or “the perception that another party is willing to accept vulnerability to one’s actions,” by one’s supervisor benefits both subordinates and organizations in various ways such as enhancing organization-based self-esteem and improving individual and organizational performance. While extant research has provided insightful knowledge to help us understand the beneficial effects of feeling trusted, we know little about its potential drawbacks. We suggest that scholars may have overstated the benefits of feeling trusted and overlooked its potential costs. Thus, several important questions are arisen: When dose feeling trusted induce employees subsequent counterproductive work behavior (CWB), and Why? Drawing upon self-evaluation theory and trust literature, we propose that feeling trusted by their supervisors may promote employees’ psychological entitlement, which leads to subsequent CWB. Furthermore, we consider the perceived rarity of trust as a boundary condition and suggest that when employees perceive the rarity of trust is high, feeling trusted is more likely to make them feel psychologically entitled, thus leading to CWB. To test our theoretical model, we conducted three studies, including two experiments (i.e., Study 1 and 2) and one multi-wave, multi-source field study (i.e., Study 3) among diverse samples. In Study 1, we invited 115 full-time employees through the alumni networks of several large universities in China to participate our experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: the feeling trusted condition (n = 58) versus the control condition (n = 57). Feeling trusted was manipulated by the critical incident technique. Each participant was required to recall and describe a recent interaction with their supervisor. Next, participants completed an ostensibly unrelated task (filler task) and reported psychological entitlement, manipulation check, and demographics. In Study 2, we recruited 145 full-time working adults as participants from the United States using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Participants first reported the perceived rarity of trust in their organizations. Then, they were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions (the feeling trusted condition [n = 73] versus the control condition [n = 72]) and were subjected to the same manipulation and questionnaire as those defined in Study 1. In Study 3, we employed a multi-wave, multi-source design to test our full model in a field setting using a Chinese employee sample. At Time 1, the employees reported feeling trusted, perceived rarity of trust, psychological entitlement, and demographics. Approximately one week later (Time 2), their supervisors were invited to rate subordinates’ CWB. The final sample included 187 employees from 60 workgroups. The results of the studies revealed that feeling trusted positively influenced subordinates’ psychological entitlement, which in turn enhanced their subsequent CWB. Subordinates perceived rarity of trust moderated the effect of feeling trusted on psychological entitlement. Furthermore, subordinates perceived rarity of trust moderated the indirect effect of feeling trusted on CWB. That is, the positive indirect effect of feeling trusted on CWB via subordinates’ psychological entitlement was significant and positive when perceived rarity of trust was high and did not exist when perceived rarity of trust was low. This research makes several important contributions. First, we challenge the consensus regarding the universally positive effects of trust by suggesting that feeling trusted may have the potential to induce subordinates CWB. In doing so, this research provides a more dialectical perspective in understanding the effects of feeling trusted. Second, not only do we examine the potentially negative effects of feeling trusted, but we also examine when and why this effect unfolds. By exploring the dynamics of feeling trusted, we answer Bare et al.’s call for more research on feeling trusted. Finally, this research contributes to CWB literature by identifying an important but neglected antecedent of CWB in the workplace. We suggested that beyond leaders’ negative behaviors (e.g., abuse and injustice), their positive behaviors (i.e., expressed trust) may lead to subordinates’ CWB.
Subjects: Physics >> General Physics: Statistical and Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Information, etc. submitted time 2022-11-22 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract：
Objective Breast cancer has become the most prevalent cancer worldwide. Breast cancer leads to both physical symptom burden and psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety and other psychological disorders. Although current literature has demonstrated the effect of physical activity in improving psychological health among cancer survivors, the underlying psychosocial mechanism is relatively understudied. This present study investigated the relationship between walking activity and emotional health among breast cancer patients, and examined the potential mediating effects of different dimensions of posttraumatic growth (PTG). Methods The level of walking activity, posttraumatic growth, and positive and negative emotions were assessed using a cross-sectional questionnaire among breast cancer patients (n=235) in the community of Pengpu Xin Cun community in Shanghai. Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized mediation model. Results The parallel mediation model indicated good fit, χ2(20)=28.11, P=0.11, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.98, RMSEA=0.04, PRMSEA<0.05=0.61. Walking activity promoted positive emotions in breast cancer patients by facilitating the personal strength dimension of PTG, the standardized indirect effect was 0.07 (95% CI [0.02, 0.13]); walking activity reduces negative emotions through improving appreciation of life dimension of PTG, the standardized indirect effect was -0.13(95%CI[-0.21,-0.05]). Conclusions PTG plays an important mediating role in the effect of walking activity on the emotional health of breast cancer patients. Clinical practice and supportive care should consider providing guidance of physical activity, combined with psychosocial interventions targeting PTG to improve patients’ emotional health.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-06-09 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区地理》
Abstract：北方农牧交错带濒危少数民族语地名规模不断增加，少数民族语地名文化脆弱性日益突 出，可持续发展尤为堪忧。地名是由多要素构成的开放性文化系统。因此，如何从系统脆弱性角 度将以往对濒危少数民族语地名的定性研究扩展至脆弱程度的定量研究具有一定的理论与现实 意义。引入脆弱性研究范式，基于大量实地考察和文献梳理，从敏感性、暴露度及恢复力的视角识 别北方农牧交错带少数民族语地名文化脆弱性影响因素，构建脆弱性评价体系，讨论评价尺度和 评价方法，并针对典型案例地展开实证研究。结果表明：案例地少数民族语地名文化敏感性和暴 露度突出，恢复力较弱，脆弱性较明显。其脆弱性受地名文化系统内损性和外部扰动性因素的共 同影响。其中，地方居民对少数民族语地名语源语义的错误认知，较高的汉语普及率和汉译少数 民族语地名社会认同度，以及少数民族语地名意译的非准确化是脆弱性形成的重要驱动因子。其 次，汉译用字和译音的简化和非标准化，较高的地名合并、更改及弃用比，较少的地名文献储备量， 以及少数民族语使用群体规模的大幅下降也是较为重要的单指标因素。
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2021-11-26
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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