Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2018-06-14 Cooperative journals: 《协和医学杂志》
Abstract： Objection:To investigate the clinical and pathological features and the follow-ups of 173 patients with pathological nipple discharge,and to provide the evidence of diagnosis and treatment.Methods:We reviewed the data of the patients who suffered pathological nipple discharge and as well underwent surgery in 2015.Statistical analysis was conducted by spss 22.0.T test and Mann-Whitney U test,X2 test and Fisher exact test were engaged in mean comparision,comparision of count data.Result: There were no statistically significant difference in age，unilateral/ bilateral， single/multiple symptoms, duration of symptoms, positive findings of physical examination and Mammography between patients with bloody nipple discharge or not. Ultrasound revealed more positive findings in patients with bloody nipple discharge (P=0.016). Compared with unbloody discharge ,patients with bloody discharge showed higher rate of breast cancer(P=0.048).Among patients with bloody discharge, ages were significantly different between patients with and without breast cancer (P= 0.014) .Other factors showed no difference.Overall, no local or systemic recurrence or death was observed at a median follow-up of 17months. Conclusion: Bloody nipple discharge showed more risk of breast cancer, especially for the elder patients. Ultrasound revealed more lumps than physical examination and mammography. Since the examinations could not find the malignant lesions out of the symptoms of nipple discharge, surgery was always needed.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Library Science submitted time 2023-08-26 Cooperative journals: 《图书情报工作》
Abstract： [Purpose/significance] This paper attempts to explore the bounded rationality characteristics of information searching based on the prospect theory.[Method/process] The questionnaire survey was used to test and verify the reference dependency, the risk preference reversal, the loss elusion and risk elusion, the framing effect of users' information searching behavior.[Result/conclusion] The results show that users' information searching behavior conforms to the prospect theory characteristics:there is reference dependency when users search information; users are risk seeking in gain and risk aversion in loss; the pain induced by delay is greater than the happiness induced by finishing tasks ahead of schedule, and with the deviation from references, users' marginal experience is decreasing with diminishing sensitivity; the framing effect is also obvious. The study provides sound experimental evidence that the interpretation and the prediction of the users' information searching behavior are accurate based on the prospect theory.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Economists believe that individuals are absolutely rational when making decisions, that is, individuals’ preference remains consistent no matter how a specific entity is represented. Moreover, individuals tend to choose the most profitable option to maximize their utility. However, findings in the domain of consumer behavior reveal that the representation of numbers can trigger individuals’ irrationality and thereby affect their subsequent consumption decision and judgment. Individuals exhibit cognitive biases facing numerical representations in general and quantitative expressions in particular. Moreover, when numerosity effect is activated, individuals are more likely to trade off the utility maximization principle and make an irrational consumption decision. The current research therefore reviews how and why these numerosity effects bias consumers’ cognition, judgment, metaphorical association, information processing, and goal pursuit. Directions for future research in numerosity effect are also discussed.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Bounded rationality theory derives from contemporary cognitive psychology, manifests itself in economics, and radiates to many disciplines. However, different opinions exist on what bounded rationality is and what it means to people, not only causing confusion in theory but also bringing confusion in practice. The purpose of this study is to: (1) clarify the essential meaning of bounded rationality from the philosophical and historical backgrounds of human rational evolution; (2) put forward different views on the value of bounded rationality; (3) summarize the far-reaching historical significance and theoretical value of existing achievements. The author points out that bounded rationality is not the optimization under constraint, not to mention the irrationality. In essence, it is an objective description of the level of human rational evolution and development so far, that is, human beings are rational either in the attitude to reality or in the ability to recognize and transform reality. However, limits to human rationality are observed. Bounded rationalists question popular rationalism in contemporary social science and the reliability of the methodology and knowledge system derived from it, but they do not question rationality itself. They eliminate the dualism thinking mode of rationalism or irrationalism in history, which provides us with a new perspective to understand the nature of rationality from the resource, quantitative, and dynamic development views. In the sense of value rationality, bounded rationality is defective, but in the sense of instrumental rationality, bounded rationality is reasonable, so finding a proper balance point between them is necessary. The concept of bounded rationality in psychology and its extensive influence have led to another human rational evolution after the “probability revolution” of the Renaissance. It is one of the most important contributions made by this discipline to the treasure house of human thought and knowledge. It not only has far-reaching historical significance but also has interdisciplinary methodological significance.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-08-07
Abstract： Ego depletion leads to preference for immediate interests and goals, which is likely to induce irrational decision making. Based on systematic literature reviews, ego depletion impedes rational decision making through two mechanisms. In regard to the attention mechanism, depleted individuals are more likely to be attracted by immediate rewards but ignore the importance of long-term benefit (i.e., failure of “focusing on the future”). In terms of the execution mechanism, depletion impairs individuals’ abilities of planning and executing (i.e., failure of “sticking to the future”). Moreover, two critical boundaries affect such processes: (1) individual characteristics, including susceptibility to resource depletion and internal moral restraint; (2) situational characteristics, including external provocation, social norms and decision costs. Future research should adopt eye tracking technology to extend the research in attention mechanism and explore other boundary conditions, which helps to nudge rational decision making.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 急性应激反应使得个体在紧急情况下迅速调动心理生理资源, 从而更好地面对当前的挑战。本研究采用特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test, TSST), 以心率和唾液皮质醇为应激反应指标, 在控制了性别、年龄和受教育时间三个人口学变量的条件下, 探讨特质焦虑对急性心理性应激反应的预测作用。结果发现：(1) TSST成功地诱发了被试的应激反应, 表现为心率加快和唾液皮质醇含量升高; (2)分层回归结果显示, 特质焦虑对急性应激状态下的心率变化具有预测作用, 对唾液皮质醇变化的预测效应未达到显著水平。上述结果表明特质焦虑和急性应激反应的快反应指标——交感神经系统——密切相关, 特质焦虑水平越高, 急性应激状态下的交感神经系统反应越小。特质焦虑水平较高的个体可能由于长期的焦虑造成心肌细胞的过度消耗, 从而导致急性应激反应受限。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The success of protest in achieving its original aims may depend primarily on the events’ extent which shape public opinion. Collective action may play a significant and indirect role in influencing social change through changing public opinion. Partly, the success of a movement may derive from mobilizing the public to perceive a current context as illegitimate and turning bystanders into supporters. Though there is vast literature on the psychological factors promoting collective action, little is known about how collective actions influence a broader non-protesting community. The obtained articles mainly focus on the processes or mechanisms underpinning bystanders’ support for the social movement. We explored the effects of three key factors in shaping bystanders’ endorsements. This paper contains three experiments conducted to examine our hypothesis that participants were presented in a news article describing an instance of social protest during these studies. The details of the news were different in each group. Study1 was a 2(claim legitimacy: high vs. low) × 2 (protest tactics: violent vs. non-violent) design. Study2 was a 2(claim legitimacy: high vs. low) × 2 (protest tactics: violent vs. non-violent) × 2(expectation of achieving goals: high vs. low) design. Participants were asked to indicate their perceptions of the claim legitimacy, their support for the protests and other questions. Study 3 followed the pattern of Study2, but the background event was different. Results of Study1 showed that protests with legitimate claims were more supported than those with illegitimate claims in contexts of non-violent tactics. Meanwhile, there was only marginal difference of endorsements between participants in high-legitimacy group and low-legitimacy group when collective actions were violent. Study2 showed that in context of violent tactics, participants’ expectations of achieving goals could moderate the relation between claim legitimacy and their endorsements for collective actions. Participants’ supports for violent actions were positively predicted by claim legitimacy when there were little possibilities to achieve goals. However, this effect didn’t exist when possibilities of achieving goals were high. While in contexts of non-violent tactics, expectations of achieving goals did not affect participants’ endorsements for collective action. Only the factor of claim legitimacy was effective. The results of sStudy3 revalidated the results of Study2. The conclusions of the research is as following. First, legitimacy of the claims is the primary factor affecting bystanders’ support for collective action. Only when the protest’s aims accord with moral standards of the public will it gain the endorsements of public. Second, the use of violent tactics could even reduce bystanders’ endorsements of those protests with very legitimate claims. Violence may be seen as an action of alienation from the mainstream,which undermines the broader perceived legitimacy of a movement. Third, low possibility of achieving goals could inspire bystanders’ endorsements of violent collective actions when the claims are legitimate. Bystanders will lower their hostilities toward violence when they expect it will be very hard to achieve legitimate claims.
Subjects: Biology >> Bioengineering submitted time 2017-11-21 Cooperative journals: 《中国生物工程杂志》
Abstract：低温CPC乙酰化酶在7-ACA的生物合成中具有重要作用和显著的优势，开发低温CPC乙酰化酶具有重大的经济价值。为了获得在低温下具有更高催化活性的CPC乙酰化酶，本文在前期的研究基础上，以先前获得的CA IIIM为亲本，借助分子对接的手段确定了它的底物结合区域，并利用pyMOL软件找出了底物结合区域Loop上关键的脯氨酸残基，分析后将选定的脯氨酸用甘氨酸进行替换。借助pET32a质粒在E. coli BL21(DE3)中进行了可溶性表达研究，除P272G外，其它突变体均实现了可溶性表达。P238G、P582G和P679G在13℃对CPC的催化活性分别为1.25、1.04和1.38 U/mg，较亲本的0.85 U/mg有了显著的提高。此外，分别考察了亲本及突变体的温度稳定性，它们之间无明显的差异。然后，在13℃下进行了7-ACA低温生物合成的研究，结果表明反应24 h后CPC的转化率也能达到80%以上。本研究在CPC乙酰化酶冷适应性改造方面取得了较为理想的结果，为进一步的改造及应用奠定了坚实的基础，也为其它低温酶的创制提供了可资借鉴的经验。
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2017-02-09 Cooperative journals: 《生态学报》
Abstract：退耕还林林地土壤物理性质的变化，是评价退耕还林措施及其生态效益的重要内容之一。选取晋西黄土区退耕22年后形成的3种典型乔木林分，包括自然恢复的辽东栎林、油松刺槐人工混交林和刺槐人工纯林，并以耕地作为对照，通过外业调查和采样分析，从深度和程度两方面研究了退耕还林对土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等物理性质的影响，结果表明：（1）就土壤容重而言，自然恢复林80 cm以上土层较耕地有显著变化（P 混交林（15.04%） > 纯林（13.68%），20-40 cm土层变化程度最大；（3）土壤毛管孔隙度自然恢复林、混交林和纯林分别达到耕地的1.36，1.13和1.12倍，自然恢复林和人工林显著变化土层分别为80 cm和60 cm以上，变化程度最大的均为40-60 cm处；（4）土壤有机质和粘粒含量对土壤理化性质影响显著。对于土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的变化，有机质的增加可解释31%以上，而粘粒含量的解释度则达到44%-51%，均为极显著水平（P< 0.01）。自然恢复林对于土壤物理性质影响程度和影响土层深度都大于人工林。
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： In light of social development and technology advance, joint consumption—a kind of consumption in which multiple consumers jointly share the cost and the final product—becomes more ubiquitous in our lives and engenders new phenomena in group decision-making situations alongside gift-giving, food/drink consumption, and entertainment/activity. The frequency of making joint consumption choices is also reflected in the literature. However, extant social psychology research mainly focuses on examining the effects of typical factors in joint consumption (e.g., genders, roles), while neglecting the basic underlying characteristics of joint consumption (e.g., the key difference between joint consumption and individual consumption), or the systematic review of irrational behavior in joint consumption (e.g., risk preference, variety seeking, decision difficulty). To address this gap in the literature, the present project based on mental account theory proposes a new construct—group mental account—to explain particular irrational behaviors in joint consumption. In other words, we illustrate the decision-making process of joint consumption as mental coding and evaluation of combinations of gains and losses by a collection of multiple people’s group mental accounts. According to mental accounting theory, joint consumption would lead to a maximizing bias. Three key mental arithmetic features of mental accounting system—(1) valuation beyond compound outcomes; (2) non-fungibility of different mental accounts; (3) malleability in the mental accounting process—could help explain the underlying mechanism. Specifically, in joint consumption conditions, each individual would construct a group mental account. Then due to the heterogeneity and aggregation problems of group members’ preferences, they encounter high ambiguity that attenuates the role of the budgetary role of mental accounts. In order to overcome uncertainty brought by group decision-making, consumers activate maximizing mindset, resulting in their salient goal to get the best, decision difficulty, and tendency to compare among alternatives. Based on the rationale of maximizing bias, the present project examines consumers’ irrational behaviors and corresponding psychological mechanisms and boundaries under two major joint consumption contexts, including choices for others (i.e., group gift giving) and sharing consumption with others (i.e., joint purchase). In the group gift-giving context, with the purpose of giving the best-liked gifts to satisfying recipients, gift-givers expect to match recipient preferences against their group membership status. When people select gifts for a recipient, they are more likely to activate maximizing mindset because of the budgeting effect and choose a meaningful “big” gift in group versus individual gift-giving situation. As a result, the multiple-giver case (vs. single-giver case) may prompt givers to select more expensive and impactful gifts that acknowledge their group membership identity. In addition, the purpose of gift-giving (communal vs. exchange) and the entitativity (high vs. low) of giving group will moderate the effect of group (vs. individual) consumption condition on the gift choice. When it comes to the joint purchase context, multiple consumers jointly share the cost and the final product. The belief that “I experience” is transformed into the belief that “We experience”. Consumers will pay more attention to balancing self-other consumption preferences, thus activating maximizing mindset. They choose from a larger set of alternatives to yield a desirable consumption experience. For example, consumers would unconsciously prefer options with greater uncertainty and sensory stimulation. The present project explores the boundary conditions as well. Relationship type (family vs. friend) and relationship culture (individualism vs. collectivism) will moderate the effect of different consumption conditions (group vs. individual) on consumption preference. In conclusion, the present research contributes to a growing literature on joint consumption and mental account theory, as well as providing marketing strategies to promote healthy and sustainable consumption. Key words
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-03-25
Abstract： " " " " " " " " "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2019-02-25 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract：既有文献对消费者延迟选择影响因素的研究，主要集中于决策复杂度、决策者特质或情绪，少有对决策场景进行深入探讨。互联网购物时代，PC 端与手机端已成为重要的消费场景。针对手机端是否会加快消费者决策过程的问题目前也存在不一致的结论。本文引入决策双系统理论，力图解释以往看似冲突的结论。消费者的购买决策模式，不仅会受到决策任务（产品价格）的影响，还会受到决策场景（购买终端）影响。当场景与决策任务使消费者启动的思维模式相一致时，会提升决策流畅度，降低延迟选择。本文发现，移动端（PC 端）与低（高）价格产品更容易激发相容的经验性（理性）思维，降低延迟选择倾向。反之，则会同时启动两种相左的决策思维，增加延迟选择倾向。本文从场景启动与价格启动视角，将以往消费者单一的决策思维模式，拓展到多因素启动的思维模式相容性问题；同时本文通过探究延迟选择问题，对价格策略与场景化营销带来启示。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2023-07-24 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Pivotal meridian massage for neuropathic pain obtained favorable results in recent years，however，its specific mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Objective To observe the analgesic effect of pivotal meridian massage on rats according to the research indexes taking rat model of neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal nerve ligation as the object of observation，to further investigate whether the analgesic effect is achieved by affecting LncRNA-GAS5 and then regulating the apoptosis of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Methods The experiment was conducted from January to June 2021 at the Experimental Center for Animal Medicine of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine and Guangxi University. A total of 120 healthy female SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group，model group，sham-operated group，sham#2;manipulation group，and meridian manipulation group，with 24 rats in each group. Rat model of neuropathic pain was prepared by ligating the L5 spinal nerve in the sham-operated，model，sham-manipulation and meridian manipulation groups. After modeling for 24 hours，the L5 spinal nerve was exposed for a few minutes without ligation，and the wound was closed layer by layer in the sham-operated group； hind limbs of the rats in the sham-manipulation group were gently stroked for 18 minutes； a self-made massager was used to sequentially stimulate the three acupoints on the bilateral Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian of Huan Tiao，Yang Ling Quan，and Xuan Zhong，with a stimulation force of 5 N，frequency of 2 Hz，intervention of 1 minute for each acupoint and technique，totaling 18 minutes in the meridian manipulation group. The normal group and model group were fed and observed normally without any intervention. Behavioral tests（mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency） were performed before modeling and on days 1，3，7，and 14 after modeling. On days 7 and 14 of the intervention，12 rats were randomly selected for tissue sampling to detect the expression of TLR8/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins（Bcl-2，Caspase-3，ERK，TLR8 protein levels） and the expression levels of LncRNA-GAS5 and miR-21 genes in the spinal cord tissue. Results （1）In terms of behavioral observations，the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the model group，sham#2;manipulation group，and meridian manipulation group was lower than the normal group on days 1，3，7，and 14 after modeling（P<0.05）. The mechanical withdrawal threshold of the sham-manipulation group and meridian manipulation group was higher than the model group on day 14 after modeling（P<0.05）. The mechanical withdrawal threshold of the meridian manipulation group was higher than the sham-manipulation group on days 7 and 14 after modeling（P<0.05）. The thermal withdrawal latency in the sham-manipulation group and meridian manipulation group was shorter than the normal group on days 1，3，and 7 after modeling（P<0.05）. The thermal withdrawal latency in the sham-manipulation group and meridian manipulation group was longer than the model group on days 7 and 14 after modeling（P<0.05）. The meridian manipulation group had longer thermal withdrawal latency than the sham-manipulation group on day 14 after modeling（P<0.05）. （2）In terms of protein and gene expression levels related to the signaling pathway，on day 7 after modeling，the Bcl-2 protein expression level in the normal group was lower than the other groups（P<0.05）. The Bcl-2 protein expression level in the meridian manipulation group was higher than the model group，while the Caspase-3，ERK，and TLR8 protein expression levels were lower than the model group（P<0.05）. The Bcl-2，Caspase-3，ERK，and TLR8 protein expression levels in the meridian manipulation group were lower than the sham-manipulation group（P<0.05）. On day 14 after modeling，the Bcl-2 protein expression level in the meridian manipulation group remained higher than the model group，while the Caspase-3 and TLR8 protein expression levels remained lower than the model group，and the ERK protein expression level was higher than the model group（P<0.05）. After 7 days of modeling，the expression level of LncRNA-GAS5 gene in the sham-manipulation group and meridian manipulation group was higher than the model group，while the expression level of miR-21 gene was lower than the model group（P<0.05）. The expression level of LncRNA-GAS5 gene in the meridian manipulation group was higher than the sham-manipulation group，while the expression level of miR-21 gene was lower than the sham-manipulation group（P<0.05）. After 14 days of modeling，the expression level of LncRNA-GAS5 gene in the model group was lower than the normal group，while the expression level of LncRNA-GAS5 gene in the meridian manipulation group and sham-manipulation group was higher than the model group（P<0.05）. The expression level of miR-21 gene in the meridian manipulation group and sham-manipulation group was higher than the model group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The meridian manipulation technique has a certain analgesic effect on rats with neuropathic pain. It is initially hypothesized that the analgesic mechanism may be achieved by upregulating the expression level of LncRNA-GAS5 toinhibit neuronal apoptosis by adsorbing miR-21 to mediate TLR8/ERK pathway-related proteins. Although the specific mechanism has not been conclusively confirmed，LncRNA-GAS5 is expected to be a new target for future treatment of neuropathic pain in the future.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany >> Applied botany submitted time 2020-05-28 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is a key adverse regulatory factor in plants. Many studies have shown that HSFs can partake in signal transduction pathways and regulate genes expression responsive for a variety of abiotic/biotic stresses, such as improving the tolerance to high salinity and oxidative stress in plants. In order to analyze the function of HSF in cassava, Manihot esculenta cv. SC124 was used as cloning material. In this study, a HSF gene designated MeHSF10 was isolated from M. esculenta Crantz leaves through RT-PCR method. The results were as follows: (1) The full-length cDNA of MeHSF10 was 1 098 bp, encoded a polypeptide of 365 amino acid residues with a predicted relative molecular mass of 40.7 kD and an isoelectric point of 8.15. Subcellular localization of MeHSF10 is predicted as nuclear localization. Multiple protein sequence alignment showed that MeHSF10 shared a significant degree of sequence similarity with other HSF proteins in Jatropha curcas (80.31 %) and Hevea brasiliensis (90.54 %). The protein sequece of MeHSF10 contained conserved motifs of the HSF family, such as DNA Binding Domain (DBD), HR-A Core, HR-B Core, Insert sequence, and Nuclear localization sequence signal (NLS), these results suggested that MeHSF10 isolated from cassava was a genuine member of the HSFC family. (2) In order to analyze the expression profiles of MeHSF10 gene in cassava, the expression data of 11 cassava tissue/organ types were analyzed, and the result showed that MeHSF10 gene expressed in all 11-cassava tissues, and the highest expression of MeHSF10 was in leaf. (3) Results of promoter element analysis revealed that MeHSF10 contained drought-induced motif (MBS), ABA responsive motif (ABRE), and several light-responsive motifs. (4) The transcriptome data results also indicated that MeHSF10 was upregulated by drought stress and ABA treatment. The expression of MeHSF10 was also induced in cassava PPD process. Expression analysis revealed that MeHSF10 might be involved in ABA mediated drought stress response. MeHSF10 was also related with PPD and might operate mainly through ROS-regulated gene networks. Therefore, these results offered critical basic knowledge for future gene function analysis of MeHSF10 in cassava.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2019-09-05 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract： 以甘肃泾川中沟小流域不同坡位刺槐人工林为研究对象，采用环刀法测定人工刺槐林土壤水文物理性质，采用烘干法测定土壤水分。方差分析表明：不同坡位土壤物理性质存在显著差异，0～100 cm土层的土壤容重为：塬面刺槐林（上）（1.24 g.cm－3）＞塬面刺槐林（下）（1.20 g.cm－3）＞沟台刺槐林（1.18 g.cm－3）＞墚坡刺槐林（1.16 g.cm－3）。土壤总孔隙度为：墚坡刺槐林（51.99%）＞沟台刺槐林（51.31%）＞塬面刺槐林（下）（50.52%）＞塬面刺槐林（上）（49.33%），墚坡刺槐林饱和持水量与非毛管持水量均最大，沟台刺槐林与塬面刺槐林（下）次之，塬面刺槐林（上）最小。各林地土壤水分变化季节性差异明显，可分为土壤水分消耗期（5－6月）、补给期（7月）、消退期（8－9月）。不同林地土壤含水量变异系数随土层深度加深表现为先增大后减小，土壤水分变异系数在40～80cm处达到最大值（Cv＞0.3）。表明塬面刺槐林（上）的土壤含水量最大，塬面刺槐林（下）与沟台刺槐林居中，墚坡刺槐林土壤水分最低。
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2018-09-07 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： 基于心理学的研究, 自由家长主义者认为人们的思维有个体难以克服的、根深蒂固的系统性缺陷, 并难以通过教育来避免和消除, 因此主张因势利导, 仰仗外部专家的“助推”把人们的行为引导到正确方向。然而, 从生态理性的角度看, 人们依照自由家长主义者所谓的认知偏差做出的选择未必导致糟糕的结果, 而依照自由家长主义者所推崇的理性方法做出的选择也未必导致理想的结果。本文分析了自由家长主义者用来支持助推的证据后发现：(1)它们源于一些研究者对“何为理性”的狭隘定义, 误解了人类理性的本质; (2)它们对研究结果进行了选择性的报告, 忽视了与这些证据相反的证据。通过这些分析, 我们认为“人非理性且难教化”这一自由家长主义者的论断过于武断并有失偏颇。投入教育, 教会人们如何精明老练地处理风险不仅是可行的, 而且是替代助推的一个更为持久有效的解决方案。
Subjects: Management Science >> Science ology and Management Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Information Science submitted time 2022-03-22
Abstract：为探寻科研诚信建设制度供给的理论进路、理性定义政府在科研建制和科学规范中的未来角色，本研究明确了科研诚信内部规范和科研诚信外部规范的制度范式区分，并基于经济学、法学、社会学、管理学等基本规律从学理层面和科学制度化视角反思了科研诚信内部规范的合理性及其失灵原因，指明了政府在科研诚信建设及科研体制改革中的放、管、服内容与边界。研究对于完善科学政策学理论体系，促进思想界、学术界参与科研诚信外部规范相关理论和技术的批判完善与前瞻性建构具有基础性意义。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-09 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：为明确川中丘陵地区紫土小麦-玉米两熟种植模式下机播玉米生产适宜的秸秆还田方式与耕作方式, 改善土壤的瘠薄、黏性过大等问题, 提高耕层土壤的播种条件、播种质量, 达到作物高产的目的, 设置秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)、秸秆还田免耕(NTS)、秸秆不还田旋耕(RT)、秸秆不还田免耕(NT)4 个处理, 研究麦秸还田与旋耕对川中丘区紫色黏土物理性状及机播夏玉米播种质量的影响。结果表明: 与秸秆不还田相比, 麦秸还田显著增加了拔节期0~10 cm 土层土壤毛管孔隙度和免耕处理0~10 cm 全生育时期土壤含水量, 显著降低出苗率、播种均匀度和幼苗整齐度等指标。与免耕相比, 旋耕处理降低了0~10 cm 土壤容重、含水量, 增加了毛管孔隙度, 出苗率提高9.9%, 幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积和干重显著提高。麦秸还田条件下, 旋耕处理较免耕处理0~10cm 土壤容重降低2.0%~12.1%, 出苗率、播种均匀度、每穴苗数、幼苗整齐度显著提高, 其中出苗率增加17.9%。玉米出苗率与0~10 cm 土壤含水量呈显著正相关, 播种均匀度与幼苗整齐度均与0~10 cm 土壤容重呈显著负相关。可见, 麦秸还田下旋耕处理改善了土壤结构, 增加了土壤含水量, 更有利于川中丘陵地区小麦-夏玉米种植模式机播玉米质量和幼苗素质的提高。
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-07 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：西部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区是中国乃至世界上水土流失最严重的区域, 以禾谷类作物单播为主的传统农业生产系统和过度耕作是引致水土流失的最主要原因。紫花苜蓿作为优良豆科牧草, 在区域生态环境建设 和产业结构调整中发挥着重要作用。因此, 本研究通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的长期定位试验, 以苜蓿草地(3 a、10 a、12 a)和农田(马铃薯地)为主要研究对象, 探讨了土壤物理性质对于苜蓿种植年限的响应, 为黄土高原雨养农业系统紫花苜蓿适宜种植年限的选择及苜蓿草地的可持续利用提供科学依据。结果表明, 随着紫花苜蓿种植年限的加长, 土壤表层呈容重降低、孔隙度增加的变化趋势, 而下部土层变化不明显。苜蓿种植可以提高耕层0~30 cm 土壤0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD), 同时降低团聚体破坏率(PAD), 且随种植年限的延长效果愈加明显。苜蓿种植一定年限后土壤总有机碳(TOC)和易氧化有机碳(ROOC)与农田差异明显, 其中种植苜蓿土壤易氧化有机碳占总有机碳的比例为44%~57%, 农田土壤易氧化有机碳比例占52%~68%, 表明种植苜蓿不仅提高了土壤总有机碳含量, 且改变了土壤有机碳的组成比例。与农田相比, 苜蓿种植可改善土壤水分入渗性能, 表现为随种植年限的延长呈现先增加后降低的趋势。黄土高原沟壑区种植苜蓿可以改善土壤有机质形态和物理结构, 提高土壤渗透能力, 但苜蓿种植年限以10 a 为宜, 10 a 之后应该进行轮作换茬以维持雨养农业系统的可持续发展。
Subjects: Civil Engineering and Building Construction >> Basic Disciplines of Civil Engineering and Building Construction submitted time 2020-10-16
Abstract： A triangular plate-bending element with a new multi-resolution analysis (MRA) is proposed and a novel multiresolution element method is hence presented. The MRA framework is formulated out of a displacement subspace sequence whose basis functions are built out of scaling and shifting on the element domain of basic full node shape function. The basic full node shape function is constructed by means of extending the shape function triangle domain for a split node at the zero coordinates to the hexagon area enclosing the zero coordinates. As a result, a new split-full node notion is presented and a novel rational MRA concept together with the resolution level (RL) is constituted for the element. Via practical examples, it is found that the traditional triangular plate element and method is a mono-resolution one and also a special case of the proposed element and method. The meshing for the monoresolution plate element model is based on the empiricism while the RL adjusting for the multiresolution is laid on the rigorous mathematical basis. The analysis clarity of a plate structure is actually determined by the RL, not by the mesh. Thus, the accuracy of a plate structural analysis is replaced by the clarity, the irrational MRA by the rational and the mesh model by the RL that is the discretized model by the integrated. The continuous full node shape function unveils secrets behind assembling artificially of node-related items in global matrix formation by the conventional FEM." " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment
YES